Clinical Applications Molecular Mechanisms
* Erectile dysfunction (ED) * Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Ischemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD), including ischemia/reperfusion injury, acute myocardial infarction; Cardiac hypertrophy; Cardiomyopathy; Congestive heart failure (CHF) * Lowering cardiovascular risk and mortality in high-risk individuals For example, lowering ischemic strokes after device implantation, such as left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) * Prevent the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity Improving cardiac function in survivors of childhood cancer * Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) Improvement of both sexual function and cardiopulmonary parameters * Neurocognitive or neurodegenerative disorders For example, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) * Some promising anti-tumor functions (childhood cancer) * Other disorders (Diabetes and COVID-19) * Inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation, and the PDE5 enzyme * Increasing levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) * Improving blood flow to the penis for ED * Improving the microcirculatory level * Protection of cGMP from degradation by PDE5 for inhibiting the pathogenesis of PAH7 * Reducing activation of the pro-coagulant pathway * Sustained cardioprotection against lethal ischemic injury and sustained neuro-restorative and neuroprotective effects * Through the regulation of cerebral perfusion and cerebral blood flow * Through modulation of the cerebral cAMP/cGMP/NO pathway * Through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway * Through mitigation of neuroinflammation for CVD and cerebral diseases * Through reducing thrombomodulin, P-selectin, and tissue plasminogen activator * Triggering apoptosis, suppressing tumor cell growth and invasion, and reversing tumor microenvironment immunosuppression