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\title{Toward field-scale groundwater pumping and improved groundwater
management using remote sensing and climate data}



\author[1]{Thomas J Ott}%
\author[1]{Sayantan Majumdar}%
\author[2]{Justin Huntington}%
\author[2]{Christopher Pearson}%
\author[1]{Matt Bromley}%
\author[1]{Blake A Minor}%
\author[2]{Peter Revelle}%
\author[2]{Charles Morton}%
\author[1]{Sachiko Sueki}%
\author[3]{Jordan P Beamer}%
\author[1]{Richard Jasoni}%
\affil[1]{Desert Research Institute}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[3]{Oregon Water Resources Department}%


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  \date{April 25, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Groundwater overdraft in the western United States has prompted water
managers to develop groundwater management plans that include mandatory
reporting of groundwater pumping (GP). However, most irrigation systems
in this region are not equipped with irrigation water flow meters to
record GP and performing quality control of the available metered GP
data is difficult due to the scarcity of reliable secondary GP
estimates. We hypothesize that Landsat-based actual evapotranspiration
(ET) estimates from OpenET can be used to predict GP and aid in quality
control of the metered GP data. The objectives of this study are to: 1)
pair OpenET estimates of consumptive use (Net ET, i.e., actual ET less
effective precipitation) and metered annual GP data from Diamond Valley,
Nevada, and Harney Basin, Oregon; 2) evaluate linear regression and
machine learning models to establish the GP vs Net ET relationship; and
3) compare GP estimates at the field- and basin-scales. Results from
using a bootstrapping technique showed that the mean absolute errors and
root mean square errors for field-scale GP depth are ~11\,\% and ~14\,\%
across Diamond Valley and Harney Basin based on the OpenET ensemble
mean, which showed the highest skill among all the OpenET ET models.
Moreover, the regression models explained 50\,\%-70\,\% variance in GP
depth and ~90\,\% variance in GP volumes. Our GP volume estimates are
also within 7\,\% and 17\,\% of the total reported and measured volumes
in Diamond Valley and Harney Basin, respectively, and the estimated
average irrigation efficiency of 87\,\% aligns with known center-pivot
system efficiencies. Additionally, the OpenET ensemble proves to be
useful for identifying discrepancies in metered GP data, which are
subsequently flagged as outliers. Results from this study illustrate
usefulness of satellite-based ET estimates for estimating GP and metered
GP data quality control and have the potential to help estimate
historical GP.%
\end{abstract}%



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Ott, T. J., Majumdar, S., Huntington, J. L., Pearson, C., Bromley, M.,
Minor, B. A., ReVelle, P., Morton, C. G., Sueki, S., Beamer, J. P., \&
Jasoni, R. L. (2024). Toward field-scale groundwater pumping and
improved groundwater management using remote sensing and climate
data.~\emph{Agricultural Water Management},~\emph{302},
109000.~\url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109000}

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