CRC indicates colorectal cancer; Bcl, B-cell lymphoma; LEF, lymphoid enhancer factor; TCF, T-cell factor; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; STAT-3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; MMP, matrix metallopeptidase; MCL-1, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ROCK, rho-associated coiled-coil kinase; EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK, extracellular signal‑regulated protein kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells