Cancer type Mechanism of Action Overall effect Reference
Colorectal cancer Interference with the nuclear β-catenin-Bcl9-LEF/TCF triple-complex and up-regulation of c-jun leading to reduced Wnt activity Inhibitory effect on CRC development Monin et al. (2016)
Co-localization of Frizzled 1 or β-catenin with LC3, (an autophagosome marker), inhibition of mTORC1 and ULK1 Suppression of CRC via autophagy J. Wang et al. (2019)
Downregulation of Notch signalling and upregulation of tumour suppressor microRNAs (miR-200) Suppression of growth and migration of colon cancer cells, and induction of cell apoptosis Suliman et al. (2016)
Inhibition of the STAT-3 pathway via down-regulation of survivin and cyclin-D1 Induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest M. M. Wu et al. (2020)
Lung cancer Caspase‐3 activation and decreased expression level of c‐myc protein Synergistic effect in cisplatin-resistant cells and induction of apoptosis Zuo et al. (2018)
Blockage of p-STAT-3 binding to the PD-L1 promoter leading to T-cell mediated cell lysis Delayed tumour growth in presence of PD-L1 antibody Luo et al. (2019)
Inhibition of S100A4, reduced NF-κB-mediated MMP-9 expression Reduction in proliferation and invasion of cells Stewart et al. (2016)
Breast cancer Inhibition of IL-6/STAT-3 and down-regulation of TWIST and SNAIL Inhibition of adipocyte induced epithelial mesenchymal transition leading to decreased proliferation, migration and invasion of human breast cancer cell lines and induction of apoptosis Gyamfi, Lee, Min, and Choi (2019)
Activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Survivin Growth inhibition of breast cancer cell lines and induction of apoptosis Ye et al. (2014)
Head and neck cancer Inhibition of STAT-3 Apoptosis in tumour cells and growth suppression. Synergistic effect with EGFR inhibition R. Li et al. (2013)
Increased let-7d expression and decreased CDC34 expression G1 arrest in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and inhibition of xenograft growth Han et al. (2018)
Down-regulation of VEGFA, MMP2, ROCK1 and CdC42. Downregulation of phophorylated STAT-3 expression and upregulation of miR-124 Inhibition of proliferation, promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry in vitro and in vivo X. Li et al. (2018)
Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and cyclin D1 Reduced formation of primary and secondary tumorspheres and inhibition of EMT in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells L. H. Wang, Xu, Fu, Chen, and Yang (2018)
Ovarian Cancer Decreased expression of p-STAT-3, inactivation of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathways, and decreased mitochondrial respiration and aerobic glycolysis Suppression of ovarian carcinoma growth and induction of cell apoptosis Shangguan et al. (2020)
Decreased expression of proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR and STAT-3 pathways and preferential targeting of CD133 Inhibition of chemo-resistant ovarian cancer cells Arend et al. (2016)
Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway Decreased cellular proliferation and increased cell death Arend et al. (2014)
Glioblastoma Multiforme Inhibition of WNT, NOTCH, mTOR and NF-κB signaling cascades Cytostatic, cytotoxic and anti-migratory effect on human Glioblastoma cell lines and dimunition of its malignant potential in vivo Wieland et al. (2013)
Down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, MAP kinase and STAT-3 Increase in protein ubiquitination and autophagy, leading to induction of toxicity in human glioblastoma cells Cheng, Morales, Zhang, Mito, and Tsin (2017)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Down-regulation of expression of cyclin D1 and MMP-9 Suppressed proliferation and migration of HCC cells lines Tomizawa et al. (2015)
Down-regulation of cyclin D1 via a down-regulation of the Wnt-3 pathway Suppressed proliferation of HCC cells by induction of apoptosis Tomizawa et al. (2013)
Inhibition of STAT-3 and more downstream anti-apoptotic proteins Suppressed cell viability and inhibited clone formation in HCC cells and synergism with cisplatin by promotion of apoptosis C. Wang et al. (2018)
Reduced expression of proteins in the Wnt-β- catenin, STAT-3, AKT-mTOR and epidermal growth factor signalling pathways Increased expression of 20 genes that are down-regulated and reduced expression of 29 genes that are up-regulated in the 274-gene HCC signature B. Chen et al. (2017)
Leukaemia Increased levels of reactive oxygen species, inhibition of glutathione synthesis and NFAT signalling Anti-tumor activity seen against drug-resistant leukaemia cells Hamdoun, Jung, and Efferth (2017)
Inhibition of NF-κB Synergism with frontline chemotherapeutic agents in killing acute myeloid leukaemia cells Y. Jin et al. (2010)
Prostate Cancer Inhibition of STAT-3 phosphorylation via IL-6 pathway Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth and cell migration in enzulatamide resistant prostate cancer cells Liu et al. (2015)
Inhibition of androgen receptor variant 7 Reversal of enzulatamide and bicalutamide resistance in castrate resistant prostate cancer cells Liu et al. (2017)