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\title{Structural and functional leaf diversity lead to variability in
photosynthetic capacity across a range of Juglans regia genotypes}



\author[1]{Mina Momayyezi}%
\author[2]{Devin Rippner}%
\author[3]{Fiona Duong}%
\author[3]{Pranav Raja}%
\author[4]{Pat Brown}%
\author[5]{Dan Kluepfel}%
\author[3]{Jeffrey Earles}%
\author[3]{Elisabeth Forrestel}%
\author[3]{Matthew Gilbert}%
\author[6]{Andrew McElrone}%
\affil[1]{UC Davis}%
\affil[2]{US Department of Agriculture}%
\affil[3]{University of California Davis}%
\affil[4]{University of California, Davis}%
\affil[5]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[6]{USDA-ARS}%


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  \date{March 15, 2025}


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\begin{abstract}
Similar to other cropping systems, few walnut cultivars are used as
scion in commercial production. Germplasm collections can be used to
diversify cultivar options and hold potential for improving crop
productivity, disease resistance and stress tolerance. In this study we
explored the anatomical and biochemical bases of photosynthetic capacity
in 11 \emph{J. regia} accessions in the USDA-ARS National Clonal
Germplasm Repository. Net assimilation rate (\emph{A}\textsubscript{n})
differed significantly among accessions and was greater in those from
lower latitudes coincident with increases in stomatal and mesophyll
conductance, leaf thickness, mesophyll porosity and gas-phase diffusion,
and leaf nitrogen, and lower leaf mass and stomatal density. High
CO\textsubscript{2}-saturated assimilation rates led to increases in
\emph{A}\textsubscript{n} under limiting conditions. Greater
\emph{A}\textsubscript{n} was found in lower latitude accessions native
to climates with more frost-free days, greater precipitation
seasonality, and lower temperature seasonality. As expected, water
stress consistently impaired photosynthesis with the highest \%
reductions in three lower latitude accessions (A3, A5, and A9), which
had the highest \emph{A}\textsubscript{n} under well-watered conditions.
However, \emph{A}\textsubscript{n} for A3 and A5 remained amongst the
highest under dehydration. \emph{J. regia} accessions, which have leaf
structural traits and biochemistry that enhance photosynthesis, could be
used as commercial scions or breeding parents to enhance productivity.%
\end{abstract}%



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