Data collection
Medical records were reviewed and the following information extracted:
demographic characteristics; smoking status; comorbidity; liver
parameters (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase
[AST], gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], total bilirubin
[TBIL], direct bilirubin [DBIL], and indirect bilirubin
[IBIL]); metabolic parameters (triglyceride [TG], total
cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density
lipoprotein [LDL], and homeostasis model assessment of insulin
resistance [HOMA-IR] value); ultrasonographic parameters (liver
stiffness measurement [LSM] and fat attenuation parameter
[FAP]); and intestinal parameters (serum D-lactate, diamine oxidase
[DAO] and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]).