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\begin{document}
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\title{Spatial organisation affects the pathway to precipitation in simulated
trade-wind convection}



\author[1]{Jule Radtke}%
\author[1]{Raphaela Vogel}%
\author[2]{Felix Ament}%
\author[3]{Ann Kristin Naumann}%
\affil[1]{Meteorological Institute, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg}%
\affil[2]{University Hamburg}%
\affil[3]{Max Planck Institute for Meteorology}%


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  \date{May 08, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
We investigate whether and how spatial organisation affects the pathway
to precipitation in large-domain hectometer simulations of the North
Atlantic trades. We decompose the development of surface precipitation
(P) in warm shallow trade cumulus into a formation phase, where cloud
condensate is converted into rain, and a sedimentation phase, where rain
falls towards the ground while some of it evaporates. With strengthened
organisation, rain forms in weaker updrafts from smaller cloud droplets
so that cloud condensate is less efficiently converted into rain. At the
same time, organisation creates a locally moister environment and
modulates the microphysical conversion processes that determine the
raindrops' size. This reduces evaporation and more of the formed rain
reaches the ground. Organisation thus affects how the two phases
contribute to P, but only weakly affects the total precipitation
efficiency. We conclude that the pathway to precipitation differs with
organisation and suggest that organisation buffers rain development.%
\end{abstract}%



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