Figure
(Left column) A large chronic thrombus seen on transesophageal
echocardiography (top, white arrows) and during surgical lead extraction
(bottom, white arrow). Note how the mass appears white, rubbery, and has
smooth borders, and was ultimately removed in one piece. (Right column)
A large vegetation seen on intracardiac echocardiography (top, white
arrows) prior to percutaneous lead extraction preceded by vegetation
aspiration. Note how the mass has multiple lobules, is generally red,
and was removed in multiple pieces (bottom). RV = right ventricle, RA =
right atrium.
1. Byrd CL, Schwartz SJ, Hedin N. Lead extraction. Indications and
techniques. Cardiol Clin. 1992;10(4):735-748.
2. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Wilkoff BL, et al. 2017 HRS expert
consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead
management and extraction. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(12):e503-e551.
3. Sadek MM, Cooper JM, Frankel DS, et al. Utility of intracardiac
echocardiography during transvenous lead extraction. Heart
Rhythm. 2017;14(12):1779-1785.
4. Giacopelli.
5. Pothineni NVK, Tschabrunn CM, Carrillo R, Schaller RD. Endovascular
occlusion balloon-related thrombosis during transvenous lead extraction.Europace. 2021;23(9):1472-1478.
6. Miyagi Y, Kawase Y, Kunugi S, et al. Histological properties of
oscillating intracardiac masses associated with cardiac implantable
electric devices. J Arrhythm. 2020;36(3):478-484.
7. Parikh JD, Kakarla J, Keavney B, et al. 4D flow MRI assessment of
right atrial flow patterns in the normal heart - influence of caval vein
arrangement and implications for the patent foramen ovale. PLoS
One. 2017;12(3):e0173046.
8. Grammes JA, Schulze CM, Al-Bataineh M, et al. Percutaneous pacemaker
and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead extraction in 100
patients with intracardiac vegetations defined by transesophageal
echocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(9):886-894.
9. Arora Y, Perez AA, Carrillo RG. Influence of vegetation shape on
outcomes in transvenous lead extractions: Does shape matter? Heart
Rhythm. 2020;17(4):646-653.
10. Maytin M, Jones SO, Epstein LM. Long-term mortality after
transvenous lead extraction. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol.2012;5(2):252-257.
11. Narducci ML, Di Monaco A, Pelargonio G, et al. Presence of ’ghosts’
and mortality after transvenous lead extraction. Europace.2017;19(3):432-440.
12. Richardson TD, Lugo RM, Crossley GH, Ellis CR. Use of a clot
aspiration system during transvenous lead extraction. J Cardiovasc
Electrophysiol. 2020;31(3):718-722.
13. Godara H, Jia KQ, Augostini RS, et al. Feasibility of concomitant
vacuum-assisted removal of lead-related vegetations and cardiac
implantable electronic device extraction. J Cardiovasc
Electrophysiol. 2018;29(10):1460-1466.