Abstract
Introduction Programmed electrical stimulation is an essential part of
VT ablation procedures but VT is not always inducible, usually for
reasons that are not clear. We sought to review pacing site-specific
failure of programmed electrical stimulation (PES) to induce
scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT). Methods A series of patients
in whom aggressive programmed stimulation from traditional RV pacing
sites failed to induce VT, but VT was easily inducible from a
non-traditional site are reviewed. Computer simulations in a simple
2-dimensional model of reentry were performed. Results Six patients who
had no inducible sustained VT from the RV apex/outflow tract with at
least 3 extrastimuli, but relatively easily induced VT from the LV,
basal RV, epicardium, or atrium are described. In 5 of these patients,
the site that induced VT was closer to the likely reentry circuit region
based on mapping and ablation. Computer simulations illustrated that the
spatial relation between the pacing site and the entrance and exits of a
reentry isthmus can determine the ease of initiation of reentry by
determining the time available for recovery of excitability at the
initial region of block. Conclusions The site of PES has a marked effect
on inducibility of VT in some patients such that PES from the RV apex
and outflow regions will fail to expose clinically relevant VTs. The
frequency with which this occurs is not certain. Stimulation from
alternative sites is a reasonable consideration in selected patients.