Figure 3. Dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) modulate reinforcement-based cognitive biases. Several pharmacological manipulations (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)) have been demonstrated to modulate feedback sensitivity and outcome expectations in humans and animal models. Pharmacological targeting of these biases may help to shape the trajectories of alcohol use disorder (AUD).