JAK/STAT pathway
Ligand (interleukins, growth factors or hormones) binding to receptors, brings together the two associated JAKs so that they can phosphorylate each other on tyrosines to become fully activated, after which they phosphorylate the receptors to generate binding sites for STAT proteins. The JAKs further phosphorylate the STAT proteins, which dissociate from the receptor to form dimers and enter the nucleus to control gene expression. Overexpression of several genes like IL-6and CSF2, as well as highly activated STAT1or STAT3 constitute towards the aberration of this pathway in CSCs (Stine &Matunis, 2013) .