NF-κB pathway
NF-κB pathway can be either canonical or non-canonical. In the canonical
pathway, binding of ligands (IL-1β or bacterial cell wall components) to
their respective receptors (IL-1 receptor or toll-like receptors),
causes recruitment of adaptor proteins which in turn phosphorylate IkB,
marking it for ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. As a result,
NF-κB is released, which then translocates to the nucleus and
facilitates gene transcription. The non-canonical pathway on the other
hand is activated by receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and CD40. The
kinases then bring about phosphorylation and process p100/RelB dimers
into p52/RelB dimers. NF-κB is consequently released, translocates into
nucleus and facilitates transcription (Hoesel& Schmid, 2013) .