NF-κB pathway
NF-κB pathway can be either canonical or non-canonical. In the canonical pathway, binding of ligands (IL-1β or bacterial cell wall components) to their respective receptors (IL-1 receptor or toll-like receptors), causes recruitment of adaptor proteins which in turn phosphorylate IkB, marking it for ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. As a result, NF-κB is released, which then translocates to the nucleus and facilitates gene transcription. The non-canonical pathway on the other hand is activated by receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and CD40. The kinases then bring about phosphorylation and process p100/RelB dimers into p52/RelB dimers. NF-κB is consequently released, translocates into nucleus and facilitates transcription (Hoesel& Schmid, 2013) .