Study limitations
The present study was limited in several ways. First, this was a single-center, nonrandomized observational study. Second, missed brief or silent AF episodes may have been underestimated in the present study because of noncontinuous monitoring during the follow-up. Third, LVA mapping in the RA could not be performed due to the long procedure. Fourth, there may have been the possibility that the voltage mapping and phase mapping may not have been adequately performed with sufficient catheter contact with the atrial tissue because we did not use a contact force sensing catheter for the mapping. Finally, we could not evaluate the efficacy of the ablation of the high-DF sites that overlapped with LVAs.