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\begin{document}

\title{Diel timing of nest predation changes across breeding season in a
subtropical shorebird}



\author[1]{Martin Sládeček}%
\author[1]{Kateřina Brynychová}%
\author[1]{Esmat Elhassan}%
\author[1]{Miroslav Salek}%
\author[1]{Veronika Janatová}%
\author[1]{Eva Vozabulová}%
\author[1]{Petr Chajma}%
\author[1]{Veronika Firlová}%
\author[1]{Lucie Pešková}%
\author[2]{Aisha Almuhery}%
\author[1]{Martin Bulla}%
\affil[1]{Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Faculty of Environmental Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Dubai Municipality}%


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  \date{April 30, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Predation is the most common cause of nest failure in birds. While nest
predation is relatively well studied in general, our knowledge is
unevenly distributed across the globe and taxa, with for example limited
information on shorebirds breeding in sub-tropics. Importantly, we know
fairly little about the timing of predation within a day and season.
Here, we followed 444 nests of red-wattled lapwings (Vanellus indicus),
a ground-nesting shorebird, for a sum of 7828 days to estimate a nest
predation rate, and continuously monitored 230 of these nests for a sum
of 2779 days to reveal how the timing of predation changes over the day
and season in a sub-tropical desert. We found that 312 nests (70\%)
hatched, 76 nests (17\%) were predated, 23 (5\%) failed for other
reasons and 33 (7\%) had an unknown fate. Daily predation rate was
0.95\% (95\%CrI: 0.76\% -- 1.19\%), which for a 30-day long incubation
period translates into \textasciitilde{}25\% (20\% -- 30\%) chance of
nest being predated. Such a predation rate is low compared to most other
avian species. Predation events (N = 25) were distributed evenly across
day and night, with a tendency for increased predation around sunrise.
Predation rate and events were distributed evenly also across the
season, although night predation was more common later in the season,
perhaps because predators reduce their activity during daylight to avoid
extreme heat. Indeed, nests were never predated when mid-day ground
temperatures exceeded 45\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C. Whether the diel activity pattern of
resident predators undeniably changes across the breeding season and
whether the described predation patterns hold for other populations,
species and geographical regions awaits future investigations.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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