The association between maternal urine cotinine level and AD
Children born from mothers with higher urine cotinine levels had higher risks of AD symptoms (aOR=2.764, 95% CI: 1.486–5.140) and current AD (aOR=2.816, 95% CI: 1.053–7.529) at preschool age (age 4–6) compared with those born from mothers with lower urine cotinine levels (Table 4). No significant association between urine cotinine level and AD was observed in early childhood (age 0–3), and the number of participants with necessary data was insufficient to be analyzed at school age (age 7–9).