Types of PAI
Organisms involved
Applications
Reference
Positive
 
 
 
Mutualism /Symbiosis
Arthropods and plants
Sustainable agricultural methods
Rasmussen et al. 2021
Pollination
Arthropods and plants
Environmental integrity and pest management
Thomsen & Sigsgaard, 2019
 
Bats and plants
Identification of plant-feeding behavior, pollen transport, seed dispersions
Edwards et al. 2019; Bell et al. 2021
 
Honey bees and plants
Pollinator-plant preference and interactions
Hawkins et al. 2015; Keller et al. 2015; Bovo et al. 2018; De Vere et al. 2017; Milla et al. 2021; Oliver et al. 2021
 
Insects and plants
Pollen-transport interactions; ecosystem monitoring
Pornon et al. 2016; Utzeri et al. 2018; Baksay et al. 2020
 
Moths and plants
Identification of plant-feeding behavior and pollen transport networks
Chang et al. 2018; Macgregor et al. 2019
Frugivory
Birds and plants
Species interaction and potential use in population genetics
Monge et al. 2020
Antagonistic
 
 
 
Parasite/parasitoid
Parasitoid and plants
Identification of plant-parasitoids interaction, environmental integrity and pest management
Derocles et al. 2015; Thomsen & Sigsgaard, 2019
Predation/Herbivory
Deers and plants
Forest management; foraging behaviors; dietary assessment for conservation purposes
van Beeck Calkoen et al. 2019; Iacolina et al. 2020; Nakahama et al. 2021
 
European bison and plants
Dietary assessment
Kowalczyk et al. 2019
 
Gazelle and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Ait Baamrane et al. 2012
 
Grouse and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Chua et al. 2021
 
Idaho ground squirrel and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Goldberg et al. 2020
 
Insects and plants
Mesocosm validation of insect-plant interactions
Kudoh et al. 2020
 
Italian hare and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Buglione et al. 2018
 
Lambs and plants
Dietary assessment and feeding selectivity
Pegard et al. 2009
 
Lemmings and plants
Dietary assessment and foraging behaviors
Soininen et al. 2017
 
Lemur and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Quéméré et al. 2013
 
Mammals and plants
Dietary assessment, foraging behaviors, trophic interactions and niche partitioning
Kartzinel et al. 2015; Meyer et al. 2020; Boukhdoud et al. 2021; ter Schure et al. 2021
 
Moose and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Iacolina et al. 2020
 
Mouse and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Iwanowicz et al. 2016
 
Nematodes and plants
Dietary assessment and study the impact of climatic variation
Pitteloud et al. 2020
 
Orthoptera and plants
Dietary assessment and study the impact of climatic variation
Pitteloud et al. 2020
 
Tapir and plants
Dietary assessment and trophic interactions
Hilbert et al. 2013
 
Turtles and lotus roots
Dietary assessment and feeding activity
Koizumi et al. 2016
 
Ungulates and plants
Dietary assessment, foraging behaviors, and ecological interactions
Nichols et al. 2012; Nichols et al. 2015
 
Woodland caribou and plants
Dietary assessment for conservation purposes
Newmaster et al. 2013