Purpose: To assess the ability of urology residents and experienced urologists to accurately predict pathological features of bladder tumors based solely on cystoscopic appearance, and evaluate how accurately urologists can decide eligible patients for postoperative intravesical chemotherapy. Methods: 104 patients with bladder mass were included, 7 senior urologists and 4 residents joined the study. Before resection, both specialists and residents were asked to predict the stage, grade of the tumor, and presence of CIS. We obtained resident predictions for 104 patients and senior predictions for 72 of these patients. Based on these predictions, eligibility of the patients for single postoperative immediate chemotherapy were determined according to EAU NMIBC guidelines. After final pathology report, risk scores recalculated and compared with surgeons’ predictions. Results: In correlation analysis, strong agreement with the pathological report could not be demonstrated with any of the stages, grades, and presence of CIS for both senior and resident urologists. Urology residents’ predictions were slightly more accurate than the senior urologists’. According to senior urologists’ predictions, 14/72 (19,4%) of the patients, and according to residents’ predictions, 19/104 (18,2%) of the patients were found to be either overtreated or undertreated. Conclusions: Cystoscopic visual prediction is not sufficient to decide on immediate postoperative intravesical chemotherapy regardless of the experience, and we need more objective parameters to improve the appropriate patient selection. What’s known: In patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), decision of immediate postoperative chemotherapy instillation is made by urologists according to clinical and “presumed” pathological parameters as definitive pathology is unkown. Therefore, the concordance of this presumption with the final pathology is important. What’s new: In our study, we demonstrated that urologists’ predictions on pathological features are not reliable to decide on immediate postoperative intravesical chemotherapy instillation and better criteria for patient selection are needed.