Key points
- Systemic sting reactions due to rare species of the Apidae family
(family of bees) are scarce. However, the giant honey bee Apis
dorsata is locally relevant and is responsible for the majority of
SSR in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the use of domesticated bumblebees as
crop pollinators has increased the prevalence of SSR.
- Stings of rare species of the Vespidae family (family of wasps) are
uncommon. Polybia paulista is locally important in South
America causing a relevant number of SSR and deaths. Vespa
velutina is endemic to Asia and has spread within South Europe. Due
to its more aggressive behavior, SSR are increasing in Europe.
- Species of the Formicidae (family of ants) are locally relevant. The
most important species causing SSR are Myrmecia pilosa (jack
jumper ant) in Australia and Solenopsis spp (fire ants),
including but not limited to Southern America and the USA.
Cross-reactivity (see Table 4)