Mites
Several cases of anaphylaxis after bites from Ixodes ticks including fatal cases have been reported from Australia, the United States, and Europe.151,152 In Europe, bites fromArgas reflexus (European pigeon tick), an urban pest parasitizing wild urban pigeons, have been identified as a cause of nocturnal anaphylaxis.153
Scorpions The scorpions include over 2200 species, of which more than 100 are considered medically relevant.154 Systemic allergic reactions have rarely been described after stings by the slightly toxic North American Common striped scorpion Centruroides vittatus .154,155 Sensitization was confirmed by intradermal skin test or western blotting. A significant cross-reactivity was described between Centruroides vittatus andSolenopsis invicta venom. 155
Local and systemic reactions have also been reported after stings byAndroctonus australis (North African fat-tailed scorpion) in Algeria, with less than half of patients showing a positive skin test or specific serum IgE.156
Ticks Bites from ticks can lead to sensitization to galactose- alpha-1, 3- galactose (α-Gal) responsible for delayed IgE-mediated anaphylaxis after meat ingestion. In the United States, Amblyomma americanum , also known as the lone star tick, is the primary cause of this disease, but different ticks are responsible in other countries.157