\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Open science in Italy: lessons learned \emph{en route} to opening
scholarship ~~}



\author[1]{Rosaria Ciriminna}%
\author[1]{Mario Pagliaro}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 13, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
We identify four lessons, selected on a subjective basis following the
analysis of the slow uptake of open science in Italy, that may be useful
to scholars and research policy makers engaged in promoting the uptake
of open science culture and practices in their own countries~.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\subsection*{1. Introduction}

{\label{541799}}

In contrast to the paradigm of scientific research emerged after World
War II (ended in 1945) in which ``the majority of publications are
behind a paywall, raw data are hidden, methods ill-described, software
unreleased and reviews anonymous'',\textsuperscript{{[}1{]}} ``open
science'' has emerged in the first two decades of the
21\textsuperscript{st} century as a better way to practice scientific
research.

Researchers following the principles of open science make all research
outputs and methods openly and freely accessible immediately after
completion of research along with interoperable and reusable research
data.\textsuperscript{{[}2{]}} This, \emph{inter alia} , enhances the
credibility of published research thanks to reproducible results and
reproducible methods.\textsuperscript{{[}3{]}}

In closer detail, in open science a research article is first published
on the Internet as freely and openly accessible preprint form prior to
submission to an academic journal for publication following peer
review.\textsuperscript{{[}4{]}} From overly long review (and
publication) times through publication behind an expensive ``paywall''
requiring ever more expensive subscriptions, this liberates the
dissemination of new knowledge from all the main problems of
conventional publishing of research findings.\textsuperscript{{[}5,6{]}}

Substantially enhancing the quality and impact of research, the practice
of open science offers clear benefits also to researchers and to society
including for example enhanced opportunities of international
collaboration between researchers and faster pace of
innovation.\textsuperscript{{[}7,8{]}}

The adoption of open science widely differs amid countries, in both
economically developed and developing areas of the world. Italy is amid
the most scientifically developed countries in the world. In a list of
countries ranked by number of scientific publications in academic
journals indexed by a proprietary research database (Scopus) owned by a
large scientific publisher (Elsevier), with 154,304 citable documents
published in 2021 Italy ranks 6\textsuperscript{th} after China, USA,
Great Britain, India and Germany, ahead of Japan and
Russia.\textsuperscript{{[}9{]}}

Amid the top ten countries in the aforementioned rank, only articles
from British researchers received an higher average number of citations
(1.45) to documents published in 2021 when compared to those (1.38) from
Italy-based researchers.\textsuperscript{{[}9{]}}

Getting to the performance of Italy-based researchers in the adoption of
open sciences, however, in 2017 the head of open science at the
University of Milan succinctly described its poor state noting how
publishing open access (OA) articles was not yet common, with
researchers generally not knowing the foundations and the tools of OA
publishing, including widespread confusion between institutional
repositories and academic social networks.\textsuperscript{{[}10{]}}

The same scholar was reporting the lack of impactful government policies
aimed at promoting open science.\textsuperscript{{[}10{]}} In the
subsequent five years, substantial progress has been recorded but not to
the extent one could expect from a country where nearly 155,000 research
articles are authored and published every year.

This study identifies four main lessons, selected on a subjective basis
following the analysis of the slow uptake of open science in Italy, that
might be useful to scholars and research policy makers engaged in
promoting the uptake of open science culture and practices in their own
countries.

\subsection*{2. The uptake of open science in
Italy}

{\label{459329}}

Aiming at ``developing transparent processes, enhancing research
activity, its verifiability, the integrity of research results and
proper scientific communication'',\textsuperscript{{[}11{]}} by June
2022 Italy's government published a National Plan for Open Science. The
plan focuses on five areas of intervention including open scientific
publications, open research data, and research
evaluation.\textsuperscript{{[}11{]}}

Previous policy attempts to promote the adoption of open science
practices in Italy included the requirement to make openly accessible
the publicly funded research articles submitted to the next evaluation
exercise (with an embargo period of 18 or 24 months) by the National
Research Evaluation Agency,\textsuperscript{{[}12,13{]}} and a law
dating back to 2013 mandating OA for research articles resulting from
publicly funded research. \textsuperscript{{[}14{]}}

It is enough to review the outcomes of one of the first meetings on OA
organized by the Conference of Rectors of the Italian Universities
(CRUI) in 2016 to learn that out of nearly 100 universities existing in
Italy, only 49 had signed the so called ``Road Map to Open Access'' in
2014. Yet, two years later out of these 49 institutions, only 16 had
adopted an OA policy,\textsuperscript{{[}15{]}} and this despite the
fact that, as underlined by Giglia at the same meeting, ``OA is only
10\% of open science''.\textsuperscript{{[}16{]}}

In the same year (2016) an Italian Open Science Support Group was
established as a voluntary working group of professionals specializing
in the areas of research support, libraries, open science, law, and
computer science from, amid others, the Universities of Milan, Venice,
Turin, Bologna, Trento, Parma, Padua, and Trieste.

The group between 2016 and 2018 organized several meetings and
workshops.\textsuperscript{{[}17{]}} One of its main achievements was
the development of a policy model on open access that was submitted to
the CRUI Library Commission Open Access Working Group group), and
eventually approved.\textsuperscript{{[}18{]}}

Previously (in early 2013), ``aware of the benefits of Open Access for
national research in terms of visibility, promotion and dissemination''
the presidents of CRUI and of Italian public research centers had signed
an agreement ``to act coordinately in order to achieve the success of
Open Access in Italy''.\textsuperscript{{[}19{]}}

Eventually, in 2015 an Italian Association for Open Science (AISA) was
established as a non-profit organization fostering to disseminate in
Italy a culture of open science including the need to raise awareness
among Italian and European legislators to foster open science in
research assessment and intellectual property
policies.\textsuperscript{{[}20{]}}

To understand the state of open access perception amid Italy's scholars
it is instructive to review an online dialogue between an Italy-based
researcher and the head of open science at the University of Milan.

\begin{quote}
``Open Access is a business model identified by publishers, generally
commercial companies, in response to computerization and the consequent
ease of obtaining scientific articles for free, without having to bear
the cost (without entering into secularism or not). Fewer subscriptions,
less turnover. More Open Access, more turnover. It is therefore not
surprising that the governments of some states support Open Access,
which is usually paid for at a high price by research funds. In fact,
some major publishers have tax offices in the Netherlands, Germany, the
UK and bill several billions a year. The maximization of their turnover
is therefore in the interest of their governments, which will be able to
collect more direct tax revenues both on companies and on the work of
employees, as well as on related activities, and from indirect taxation
on employee consumption. Therefore, why the Ministry of University and
Research should squander resources to benefit the tax authorities of
other states, instead of using the limited resources of Italian
taxpayers to benefit the taxpayers of
others?''.\textsuperscript{{[}21{]}}
\end{quote}

To whom Galimberti responded:

\begin{quote}
``None of the reasons you cited are reflected in the history of open
access that arises precisely as a reaction of scientists to the closure
and marketing of the contents they produce and freely sold to
publishers\ldots{}When I noticed that in Italy there are few and totally
confused ideas, I was referring to interventions like
this.''\textsuperscript{{[}22{]}}

Regardless of the delays highlighted by
Galimberti,\textsuperscript{{[}10,22{]}} one of the most relevant and
practically useful books on open science in Europe was published in
Italian in 2017 as freely and openly accessible
book.\textsuperscript{{[}23{]}} One of the main needs identified therein
by Giglia is the need to develop both a new culture of open science and
new tools such as the preprint platforms and online repositories to
self-archive and make openly accessible research articles and other
scientific documents, including books.\textsuperscript{{[}24{]}}
\end{quote}

With EU funds made available, a European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) was
established in 2015 as an international non-profit organization under
Belgian law with national branches, that officially launched in late
2018 starting to provide access to their to services via the EOSC portal
at the URL www.eosc-hub.eu. In Italy a Competence Centre on Open Science
was thus created within the Italian Computing and Data Infrastructure, a
forum of major Italian research and internet infrastructures. The
Competence Centre organizes a number of activities including new
seminars such as the ``Open Science Caf\selectlanguage{ngerman}é'' monthly interactive online
presentations focusing on a specific theme of open science.

The series debuted on March 2021 with a seminar on Open Research Europe
(the new publication platform of the European Commission for which a 5.8
million EUR, four-year contract was signed on March 2020 with a open
research publishing platform owned by a large scientific publisher) held
by an Italian scholar based at the University of
Göttingen.\textsuperscript{{[}25{]}}

Similarly, by late 2021, a website focusing on open science was launched
at the URL www.open-science.it. Managed by professionals of the
aforementioned Competence Centre and experts of an Italy's Research
Council (CNR) institute, the website includes information (in Italian)
on many aspects of open science and its ongoing uptake.

Finally, following similar ``networks'' already existing in other
countries including Australia, an Italian Reproducibility Network was
established in 2021 which also organizes seminars on open science
inaugurated in the same year by a seminar of Nosek on the culture change
required for a ``more open, rigorous and reproducible
research''.\textsuperscript{{[}26{]}}

Along with several other researchers,\textsuperscript{{[}27,28{]}} one
of us has suggested that enhancing the uptake of open science requires
to undertake new and practically oriented educational activities aimed
at young and senior researchers.\textsuperscript{{[}4{]}} Similarly, in
2017 a European Commission publication of the Working Group on Education
and Skills under Open Science was reporting a widespread lack of
training opportunities for open science in
Europe.\textsuperscript{{[}29{]}} It is therefore relevant to review
selected examples of pioneering education in open science activities
held in Italy.

Pievatolo, a political philosophy scholar, gives a three-lesson course
on ``Open science and research data management'' at the University of
Pisa, whose presentation slides and handout text in English are freely
and openly accessible under a Creative Commons ``ShareAlike'' license
(for which users are free to share, copy and redistribute the material
in any medium or format, as well as adapt, remix, transform, and build
upon the material or any purpose, even
commercially).\textsuperscript{{[}30{]}}

The three lessons focus on open science (``Scholarly communication and
research evaluation: the Open Science Revolution''), research evaluation
(``Irresistible proxies? Peer review and (mainstream or alternative)
bibliometric''), and academic copyright (``Copyright: taking authors'
rights seriously''). The video of a similarly relevant conference
lecture held by the same scholar at the University of Rome in 2015 is
still available online.\textsuperscript{{[}31{]}}

A course on open science in the earth sciences was given by researchers
of Italy's Institute of geophysics and volcanology by late 2020 in
collaboration with CNR, OpenAIR, and EPOS experts as a series of four
lectures held online, again with a strong orientation to practice so as
to enable the attendees to learn the tools to practice open
science.\textsuperscript{{[}32{]}}

Six months later, another jointly organized online course, this time
aimed to CNR scholars and researchers in humanistic and cultural
heritage sciences, was organized again as a series of online
lectures,\textsuperscript{{[}33{]}} including specific lectures on the
main EU-based research infrastructures and research projects for open
science in those disciplines (Clarin Eric for language resources and
technologies, Operas for human and social sciences, Dariah for data in
human sciences, E-rihs for interdisciplinary data in cultural heritage
sciences, and Ariadne+ and Parthenos for archeology).

In 2019 Giglia, head of the Open Science Unit at the University of
Turin, held a one-day course aimed at PhD students, librarians and
research evaluators of the University of
Messina.\textsuperscript{{[}34{]}} To understand the demand of education
in open science in Italy (and in Europe) it is enough to review the
seminars (all linked to the self-archived presentation slides) given by
Dr Giglia since 2015 to date.\textsuperscript{{[}35{]}}

Only in 2021, the scholar gave 26 seminars starting in early January
with a \emph{lectio magistralis} inaugurating the Doctorate Schools
again at Messina's University (``Open science, il valore della scienza
per tutti''), and ending with a seminar (``Open Science A to Z) given at
the University of Girona, in Spain, on mid December.

\subsection*{3. Why Italian scholars ignored open
science?}

{\label{277847}}

According to Vianello, a work and organizational psychology professor at
the University of Padova, the two main barriers to embracing open
science practices in Italy would be culture and the extra effort needed
to disseminate knowledge according to the open science principles. ``Our
burden is already heavy, pressure to publish is ridiculously high'' he
wrote in 2021, so that ``one really needs to be extremely motivated to
follow open science practices''.\textsuperscript{{[}36{]}}

One remarkable point explaining a certain \emph{naiveté} surrounding the
open science discourse has been raised by Henry commenting a 2017 study
of Masuzzo and Martens focusing on the need for researchers to learn the
new language of open science:\textsuperscript{{[}37{]}}

``When you write 'One of the basic premises of science is that it should
be based on a global, collaborative effort, building on open
communication of published methods, data, and results' you only account
for an idealistic view of science. In reality, Open science has an
enormous opportunity cost for 1. researchers themselves (hence the
importance of credit and citation) 2. institutions 3. countries (somehow
secrecy is believed to be a competitive advantage). In the past (and
still today to a large extent), science was done for the benefit
(prestige, economic or power advantage) of researchers, but also
benefactors, universities, nations, etc. not the whole community. I love
the idea that we need to insist on the `communism' dimension of
research, but we should not ignore the obstacles to Open Science and the
fact that funders are mostly national agencies supporting national
interests''.\textsuperscript{{[}38{]}}

We agree with Henry's preach for realism. It is precisely the little
(and even negative) relevance of open science to the academic career
that led Italian scholars to delay the uptake of open science practices
for nearly two decades.

Italy's researchers were (and most of them still are) unaware that by
simply self-archiving their research articles published in paywalled
journals in personal or institutional websites (granting to anyone
``green'' open access) they would substantially increase the number of
citations, and therefore the impact of their research, on which they are
supposed to be evaluated.\textsuperscript{{[}39{]}}

This reluctance, in brief, has been due to a widespread lack of
education on open science,\textsuperscript{{[}4,29{]}} resulting in a
similarly widespread ignorance of its benefits for the academic
career.\textsuperscript{{[}40{]}}

One might object that since Italian universities do \emph{not} recruit
professors according to their \emph{h} -index or other bibliometric
indicators,\textsuperscript{{[}41{]}} Italian researchers would not be
interested in rising their citation-based metrics.

This, however, is not the case because at least the National Scientific
Qualification (ASN) necessary to take part into recruitment and
promotion process (from researcher to associate professor, and from
associate to full professor) is based on citation-based metrics of
publications in indexed academic journals.\textsuperscript{{[}42{]}}

It is relevant here to notice that only in 2018 and 2019 Italy has lost
about 14,000 Italian researchers who emigrated mainly towards other
European countries and the USA, where they ``find a faster career
progression and are more confident in their future than Italian
researchers in Italy''.\textsuperscript{{[}43{]}}

Along with higher salaries, the shift to merit-based recruitment and
promotion processes is the solution that has long been identified to end
the emigration of Italian researchers and attract talented foreign
researchers.\textsuperscript{{[}43,44,45{]}}

This is possible by expanding the research evaluation process to include
all three areas of scholarly activity (research, teaching and mentoring,
and service to society) and improving the evaluation
criteria.\textsuperscript{{[}7,8{]}} Noticeably, the improvement of the
research evaluation system in the third intervention area of Italy's
Open Science Plan (Table 1).

\textbf{Table 1} . Italy's Open Science Plan. Interventions areas and
intervention plans {[}Adapted from Ref.11{]}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Intervention area}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Intervention plan}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Scientific publications\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Open access to publications Non-commercial forms of publication European
framework on copyright Monitoring system Open educational
resources\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Research data\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Enabling findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR)
research data Integration in European Open Science Cloud (EOSC)
Collaborative data production Shaping open research data
professionals\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Research evaluation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Evaluation processes and criteria Collaboration between research
institutions and researchers Open access publishing Open peer review
National infrastructure\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Open science, scientific community and European participation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Organic path towards open science European-level coordination\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Opening research data concerning COVID-19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.48\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
National portal for FAIR data and texts concerning COVID19 Models of
public health data\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

The Plan includes seven recommendations to improve research
evaluation,\textsuperscript{{[}10{]}} explicitly calling universities
and research centres to adhere to principles of the Declaration on
Research Assessment (DORA, 2012).\textsuperscript{{[}46{]}} Amid them,
one principle calls to reduce the weight of bibliometric indicators such
as the journal impact factor and the candidate's \emph{h} -index) to
include service to society (``third mission'') and contributions to
advance open science.

Developed in 2012 during the Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Cell Biology held that year in San Francisco, the DORA declaration has
become a worldwide initiative all scholarly disciplines signed so far
(late 2022) by 19,531 individuals and 2636 organizations including
research funders, universities, research institutes, professional
societies, and scholarly publishers.

\subsection*{4. Outlook and Conclusions}

{\label{745028}}

The history of the uptake of open science practices in Italy in the
first two decades of the 21\textsuperscript{th} century has several
lessons to teach to scholars based in other countries where the
transition to ``more open, rigorous and reproducible
research''\textsuperscript{{[}26{]}} is also taking place.

First, the case of Italy shows that the adoption of open science can be
actually driven by a small group of pioneering scholars and researchers.
In practice, an active minority comprised of Italy-based scholars and
researchers active in both natural and social and humanistic science
have actively engaged in open science, adopting its practices and
disseminating its value. Examples span from
chemistry\textsuperscript{{[}47{]}} and
law\textsuperscript{{[}48{]}}through the earth\textsuperscript{{[}49{]}}
and life\textsuperscript{{[}50{]}} sciences, and include virtually all
disciplines.

Furthermore, the public discourse on open science in Italy has seen and
continues to see important and creative contributions such as those of
Caso,\textsuperscript{{[}48{]}}
Aliprandi,\textsuperscript{{[}23{]}}Giglia,\textsuperscript{{[}24{]}}
Morriello,\textsuperscript{{[}51{]}}T\selectlanguage{ngerman}öttössy,\textsuperscript{{[}52{]}}
Gargiulo,\textsuperscript{{[}19{]}}Galimberti,\textsuperscript{{[}10{]}}Pievatoli,\textsuperscript{{[}53{]}}
and many others.

Second, the case of Italy where for many years no financial resources
nor personal incentives were actually provided to practitioners of open
science, shows that the uptake of open science can smoothly take place
also in economically developing countries, where financial resources
invested in research and education are a small fraction of those
available in economically developed countries like Italy.

Third, the slow uptake of open science practices in Italy was also due
to a prolonged lack of training to researchers potentially interested in
the shift to opening their scholarship activity. Hence, universities and
research policy makers interested in promoting the adoption of open
science might wish to shape educators capable to effectively educate
undergraduate students and researchers on the principles and tools of
open science.

Fourth, also in Italy researchers owning personal academic websites were
amid the first to use the World Wide Web to openly share the outcomes of
their research and educational work with colleagues from across the
world and with their students. In other words, the delay of Italy's
researchers to embrace the shift first to OA and then to open science
has been partly due also to the limited use of the World Wide Web by
Italy's researchers to autonomously disseminate their research,
educational and service to society activities.

As the practice of open science increases, to paraphrase
Watson,\textsuperscript{{[}1{]}} all publications will be freely and
openly accessible, raw data and methods well described and reproducible,
software released and peer reviews openly published and no longer
anonymous. The objective of open access, indeed, is to maximize research
impact by maximizing research access,\textsuperscript{{[}39{]}} but the
objective of open science is to enhance science credibility by improving
all steps of the scientific research process including the final
dissemination step. This, \emph{inter alia} , requires to rediscover
intellectual humility in which the limitations of any research work are
explicitly presented by the authors and their consequences incorporated
into the conclusions.\textsuperscript{{[}54{]}}

Remarkably, the latter study including five important recommendations on
how to practically increase humility in scientific
articles,\textsuperscript{{[}54{]}} is self-archived and openly
accessible at the repository of the University of
Groningen\textsuperscript{{[}55{]}} (whereas single access to the
article published in the paywalled journal in which it was published
currently costs \$32).

The present succinct analysis of the adoption of open science in Italy
also shows evidence that, as it happens at the CNR where researchers
rely on self-determination to outclass a shrinking research
budget,\textsuperscript{{[}56{]}} a small group of researchers and
librarians self-determined to practice and disseminate research carried
out according to the principles of open science, advocated its value for
nearly two decades within a research community showing a prolonged lack
of interest.

Eventually, by late 2022 Italian scholars and researchers may access
increasingly numerous informative and educational resources on open
science. Many universities and research centers have created open
science offices. A national open science plan has been published, and an
intense intellectual debate on open science is taking place in the
specialized literature. Every year, furthermore, the aforementioned
associations and ``networks'' organize in Italy conferences and meetings
on open science no longer attended solely by open science advocates, but
by researchers finally interested to learn how to adopt the principles
of open science in their research activities.

Much remains to be done in Italy concerning the uptake of open science
in education, especially undergraduate education, that goes much beyond
open educational resources to include a new relationship between
educational and research work,\textsuperscript{{[}57{]}} and new
evaluation of scholarship.\textsuperscript{{[}7{]}}

\subsection*{Author Information}

{\label{530282}}

\textbf{Rosaria Ciriminna} - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali
Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-1572}{orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-1572};
E-mail: rosaria.ciriminna@cnr.it

\textbf{Mario Pagliaro} - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali
Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5096-329X}{orcid.org/0000-0002-5096-329X};
E-mail: mario.pagliaro@cnr.it

\subsection*{Conflict of interest}

{\label{916944}}

The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

\subsection*{Acknowledgements}

{\label{545866}}

This study is dedicated to Subbiah Arunachalam for all he has done to
promote and disseminate the principles and tools of open science in
India.

\textbf{Keywords:} open science \selectlanguage{english}* Italy \selectlanguage{english}* open access \selectlanguage{english}* open scholarship
\selectlanguage{english}* preprint \selectlanguage{english}* self-archiving

\textbf{References}

{[}1{]} M. Watson, When will `open science' become simply
`science'?.\emph{Genome Biol.} \textbf{2015} , \emph{16} , 101.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0669-2

{[}2{]} B. Fecher, S. Friesike, Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of
Thought, In: \emph{Opening Science} , B. Bartling, S. Friesike, (Ed.s),
Springer, Cham (Switzerland): \textbf{2014} ; pp.17-47.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8\_2

{[}3{]} T. Haven, G. Gopalakrishna, J. Tijdink, D. van der Schot, L.
Bouter, Promoting trust in research and researchers: How open science
and research integrity are intertwined, \emph{BMC Res.
Notes}\textbf{2022} , \emph{15} , 302.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-06169-y

{[}4{]} M. Pagliaro, Publishing scientific articles in the digital
era,\emph{Open Sci. J.} \textbf{2020} , \emph{5} , 3.
https://doi.org/10.23954/osj.v5i3.2617

{[}5{]} B. Xie, Z. Shen, K. Wang, Is preprint the future of science? A
thirty year journey of online preprint services,
\emph{arXiv}\textbf{2021} , https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.09066.pdf

{[}6{]} I. Puebla, J. Polka, O.Y. Rieger, Preprints: Their Evolving Role
in Science Communication, \emph{MetaArxiv} \textbf{2021} ,
https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/ezfsk

{[}7{]} M. Pagliaro, Purposeful evaluation of scholarship in the open
science era, \emph{Challenges} \textbf{2021} , \emph{12} , 6.
https://doi.org/10.3390/challe12010006

{[}8{]} L.A. Schimanski, J. P. Alperin, The evaluation of scholarship in
academic promotion and tenure processes: Past, present, and
future.\emph{F1000Res} \textbf{2018} , \emph{7} , 1605.
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16493.1

{[}9{]} SCImago, SCImago Journal \& Country Rank, 2022.
https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp\&ord=desc\&year=2021
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}10{]} P. Galimberti, Response to Romeo Beccherelli objections to Open
access, Open science. L'Italia, un paese in grave ritardo, ROARS, 14
April 2017.
https://www.roars.it/online/open-access-open-science-litalia-un-paese-in-grave-ritardo/
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}11{]} Italy's Ministry of Research, \emph{Piano Nazionale per la
Scienza Aperta} , 20 June 2022.
https://www.mur.gov.it/sites/default/files/2022-06/Piano\_Nazionale\_per\_la\_Scienza\_Aperta.pdf
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}12{]} P. Miccoli, R. Rumiati, D. Checchi, Open Access of research;
which role in the process of evaluation? Experience by Agenzia Nazionale
di Valutazione del sistema Universitario e della Ricerca
(ANVUR),\emph{Scires-It} \textbf{2020} , \emph{10} , 17-20
http://dx.doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v10Sp17

{[}13{]} Redazione ROARS, VQR 2015-2019: decifriamo i misteri del bando,
10 January 2020.
https://www.roars.it/online/vqr-2015-2019-decifriamo-i-misteri-del-bando/
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}14{]} Legge 7 ottobre 2013, n. 112, Conversione, con modificazioni,
del decreto-legge 8 agosto 2013, n. 91. Disposizioni urgenti per la
tutela, la valorizzazione e il rilancio dei beni e delle attivita
culturali e del turismo.

{[}15{]} B. Masolo, A meta strada sulla Road Map, \emph{L'accesso aperto
alla letteratura scientifica in Italia. Bilanci e prospettive} ,
Universita di Roma Tre, Rome, 26 October 2016.
http://host.uniroma3.it/eventi/oacongresscrui2016/programma.php
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}16{]} E. Giglia, P. Minsenti, Le politiche a
confronto,\emph{L'accesso aperto alla letteratura scientifica in Italia.
Bilanci e prospettive} , Universita di Roma Tre, Rome, 26 October 2016.
http://host.uniroma3.it/eventi/oacongresscrui2016/programma.php
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}17{]} IOSSG - Italian Open Science Support Group,
https://sites.google.com/view/iossg/home (accessed October 5, 2022).

{[}18{]} P. Gargiulo, Open Science, open research data and the role of
IOSSG, \emph{Scires-It} \textbf{2020} , \emph{10} , 53-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v10Sp53

{[}19{]} Position statement on Open Access to research outputs in Italy,
Rome, 21 January 2013.
https://www.cnr.it/sites/default/files/public/media/servizi/open-access/Position\_statement\_OA\_en.pdf
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}20{]} AISA - Associazione italiana per la promozione della scienza
aperta, https://aisa.sp.unipi.it/about-aisa/ (accessed October 12,
2022).

{[}21{]} R. Beccherelli, Response to Open access, Open science.
L'Italia, un paese in grave ritardo, ROARS, 14 April 2017.
https://www.roars.it/online/open-access-open-science-litalia-un-paese-in-grave-ritardo/
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}22{]} P. Galimberti, Response to Romeo Beccherelli objections to Open
access, Open science. L'Italia, un paese in grave ritardo, ROARS, 14
April 2017.
https://www.roars.it/online/open-access-open-science-litalia-un-paese-in-grave-ritardo/
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}23{]} S. Aliprandi (Ed.), \emph{Fare Open Access} . \emph{La libera
diffusione del sapere scientifico nell'era digitale} , Ledizioni, Milan:
2017. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ledizioni.5161

{[}24{]} E. Giglia, Fare Open Access e farlo correttamente, In S.
Aliprandi (Ed.), \emph{Fare Open Access} . \emph{La libera diffusione
del sapere scientifico nell'era digitale} , Ledizioni, Milan: 2017;
pp.53-91.

{[}25{]} I. Fava, Open Research Europe: la nuova piattaforma di
pubblicazione della Commissione Europea, 11 March 2021.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHVY7LRsXRI (accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}26{]} B. Nosek, Culture change toward more open, rigorous and
reproducible research, Italian Reproducibility Network, Online seminars,
6 December 2021.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=raEbFvLA0UI\&list=PLWWeQrff40uDGsOF2UxcuvzXJwTfZ3O6m
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}27{]} U. Toelch, D. Ostwald, Digital open science - Teaching digital
tools for reproducible and transparent research, \emph{PLOS
Biol.}\textbf{2018} , \emph{16} , e2006022.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2006022

{[}28{]} I. Steinhardt, Learning Open Science by doing Open Science. A
reflection of a qualitative research project-based seminar, \emph{Educ.
Inf.} \textbf{2020} , \emph{36} , 263-279.
https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-190308

{[}29{]} European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and
Innovation, C. O'Carroll, et al., \emph{Providing researchers with the
skills and competencies they need to practise Open Science} ,
Publications Office, Brussels: \textbf{2017} ,
http://dx.doi.org/10.2777/121253

{[}30{]} M. C. Pievatolo, Introduction to the course ''Open science and
research data management, \emph{Zenodo} \textbf{2020} .
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3668872

{[}31{]} M. C. Pievatolo, Open access: if not now, when?, \emph{Open
Science: a way to make research better} , Rome, 6 March 2015.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxMexTowY8U (accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}32{]} Praticare l'Open Science nelle scienze della Terra e
dell'ambiente, 24 and 26 November, 1 and 3 December 2020.
https://www.openaire.eu/item/praticare-l-open-science-nelle-scienze-della-terra-e-dell-ambiente
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}33{]} CNR, Scienza aperta e gestione dei dati per le scienze umane e
del patrimonio culturale: corso di formazione, May 20 - June 9, 2021.
https://www.cnr.it/it/evento/17272/scienza-aperta-e-gestione-dei-dati-per-le-scienze-umane-e-del-patrimonio-culturale-corso-di-formazione
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}34{]} E. Giglia, Open Science dalla A alla Z, Rome, Universita degli
Studi di Messina, Sistema Bibliotecario di Ateneo, 7 November 2019.
https://antonello.unime.it/2019/10/01/open-science-dalla-a-alla-z/

{[}35{]} University of Turin, OA@unito.it, Corsi e formazione.
https://www.oa.unito.it/new/materiale-scaricabile/ (accessed October 12,
2022).

{[}36{]} M. Vianello, Failed replications, successful science, Open
Science Story - 1, October 13, 2021.
https://www.itrn.org/open-science-stories (accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}37{]} P. Masuzzo, L. Martens, Do you speak open science? Resources
and tips to learn the language, \emph{PeerJ Preprints} \textbf{2017} ,
5:e2689v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2689v1

{[}38{]} L. Henry, Response to Do you speak open science? Resources and
tips to learn the language, \emph{PeerJ Preprints} \textbf{2017} ,
5:e2689v1. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2689v1

{[}39{]} S. Harnad, Publicly Retrievable FTP Archives for Esoteric
Science and Scholarship: a Subversive Proposal, \emph{The Network
Services Conference (NSC)} , London (November 1994), pp. 28-30.
https://groups.google.com/g/bit.listserv.vpiej-l/c/BoKENhK0\_00?pli=1
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}40{]} R. Ciriminna, A. Scurria, S. Gangadhar, S. Chandha, Reaping the
benefits of open science in scholarly communication,
\emph{Heliyon}\textbf{2021} , \emph{7} , e08638.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08638

{[}41{]} P. Gallina, B. Porfirio, Italian universities do not recruit
according to proficiency in scientific production,
\emph{bioRixv}\textbf{2021} , https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.25.465694

{[}42{]} F. Poggi, P. Ciancarini, A. Gangemi, A. G. Nuzzolese, S.
Peroni, V. Presutt, Predicting the results of evaluation procedures of
academics, \emph{PeerJ Comput Sci.} \textbf{2019} , \emph{5} , e199.
https://doi.org/10.7717\%2Fpeerj-cs.199

{[}43{]} L. Nascia, M. Pianta, T. Zacharewicz, Staying or leaving?
Patterns and determinants of Italian researchers' migration\emph{, Sci.
Public Policy} , \textbf{2021} , \emph{48} , 200-211.
https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scab007

{[}44{]} M. Pagliaro, ``Of sea urchins, volcanoes, earthquakes\ldots{}
and engagement'': The lives of Marcello Carapezza and Alberto Monroy as
a source of inspiration in facing the threats and the opportunities of
Italy's university system, \emph{Sci. Context} \textbf{2007} , \emph{20}
, 679-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889707001494

{[}45{]} G. Abramo, C. A. D'Angelo, Were the Italian policy reforms to
contrast favoritism and foster effectiveness in faculty recruitment
successful?, \emph{Sci. Public Policy} \textbf{2020} , \emph{47} ,
604-615. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa048

{[}46{]} Declaration On Research Assessment (DORA), San Francisco (CA):
2012. https://sfdora.org/read/ (accessed October 6, 2022).

{[}47{]} R. Ciriminna, M. Pagliaro, Preprints in chemistry: a research
team's journey, \emph{ChemistryOpen} \textbf{2022} , \emph{11} ,
e202200150. http://doi.org/10.1002/open.202200150

{[}48{]} R. Caso, \emph{La rivoluzione incompiuta: la scienza aperta tra
diritto d'autore e proprieta intellettuale} , Milano, Ledizioni, 2020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3588071

{[}49{]} M. Cocco, P. Montone, Preface to the Special Issue: EPOS a
Research Infrastructure in solid Earth: open science and
innovation,\emph{Ann. Geophys.} \textbf{2022} , \emph{65} .
https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-8835

{[}50{]} P. Anagnostou, M. Capocasa, N. Milia, E. Sanna, C. Battaggia,
D. Luzi, G. Destro Bisol, When data sharing get close to 100\%: what
human paleogenetics can teach the open science movement, \emph{PLOS
One}\textbf{2015} , \emph{10} , e0121409.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121409

{[}51{]} R. Morriello, Scienza aperta: una rivoluzione
incompiuta,\emph{Biblioteche oggi} \textbf{2021} , \emph{39} , 6-13.
https://doi.org/10.3302/0392-8586-202106-006-1

{[}52{]} B. Tottossy, Verso la scienza aperta. Riflessioni storiche,
attuali, \emph{LEA - Lingue e letterature d'Oriente e
d'Occidente}\textbf{2018} , \emph{7} , XI-XVI.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13128/LEA-1824-484x-24457

{[}53{]} M. C. Pievatolo, Open science: human emancipation or
bureaucratic serfdom?, \emph{Scires-It} \textbf{2020} , \emph{10} ,
35-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v10Sp35

{[}54{]} R. Hoekstra, S. Vazire, Aspiring to greater intellectual
humility in science, \emph{Nat. Hum. Behav.} \textbf{2021} , \emph{5} ,
1602-1607. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01203-8

{[}55{]} University of Groningen, Research output,
https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/aspiring-to-greater-intellectual-humility-in-science
(accessed October 12, 2022).

{[}56{]} M. Pagliaro, M. Coccia, How self-determination of scholars
outclasses shrinking public research lab budgets, supporting scientific
production: a case study and R\&D management implications,\emph{Heliyon}
\textbf{2021} , \emph{7} , e05998.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05998

{[}57{]} S. de Knecht, M. van der Meer, L. Brinkman, M. Kluijtmans, F.
Miedema, Reshaping the academic self: connecting education \& open
science (Version 2), \emph{Zenodo} \textbf{2021} ,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5345573

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

