Table 1. Demographic data and baseline characteristics of Groups A (advanced technology), B (basic technology) and C (placebo) for MoCA screening, NEUPSILIN scores, Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) and IOI-HA.
Advanced Advanced (n = 8) (n = 8) Basic Basic (n = 6) (n = 6) Placebo Placebo (n = 8) (n = 8) p-value p-value p-value
Age 81.9 (5.91) (5.91) 77.7 77.7 (7.45) (7.45) 80.9 80.9 (5.38) (5.38) N/A N/A a
Sex
Female 5.0 (62.50%) (62.50%) 3.0 3.0 (50.00%) (50.00%) 6.0 6.0 (75.00%) (75.00%) N/A N/A b
Male 3.0 (37.50%) (37.50%) 3.0 3.0 (50.00%) (50.00%) 2.0 2.0 (25.00%) (25.00%)
Education 3.5 (1.07) (1.07) 4.5 4.5 (2.59) (2.59) 3.5 3.5 (1.07) (1.07) N/A N/A a
MoCA
Visuospatial* 3.1 (1.46) (1.46) 3.2 3.2 (1.72) (1.72) 3.3 3.3 (1.83) (1.83) N/A N/A a
Naming* 2.0 (0.00) (0.00) 2.0 2.0 (1.26) (1.26) 2.3 2.3 (0.71) (0.71) N/A N/A a
Attention* 3.3 (1.58) (1.58) 3.7 3.7 (1.21) (1.21) 4.3 4.3 (1.49) (1.49) N/A N/A a
Language* 1.5 (0.53) (0.53) 0.7 0.7 (0.82) (0.82) 0.6 0.6 (0.74) (0.74) N/A N/A a
Abstraction* 1.4 (0.52) (0.52) 1.5 1.5 (0.55) (0.55) 1.0 1.0 (0.76) (0.76) N/A N/A a
Long-term memory* 0.8 (0.89) (0.89) 0.5 0.5 (0.55) (0.55) 0.9 0.9 (1.13) (1.13) N/A N/A a
Orientation* 5.3 (0.71) (0.71) 5.0 5.0 (1.10) (1.10) 5.5 5.5 (0.76) (0.76) N/A N/A a
Hours of use (self-reported) 7.4 (1.19) (1.19) 6.8 6.8 (0.98) (0.98) 7.4 7.4 (1.77) (1.77) 0.72 0.72 a
Hours of use (Data logging) 7.0 (1.41) (1.41) 7.3 7.3 (1.03) (1.03) 8.5 8.5 (2.00) (2.00) 0.17 0.17 a
IOI-HA
1 4 (0.83) (0.83) 5 5 (1.22) (1.22) 4 4 (0.74) (0.74) 0.41 0.41 a
2 4 (0.83) (0.83) 4 4 (0.63) (0.63) 2 2 (0.52) (0.52) < 0.001 < 0.001 a
3 4 (1.07) (1.07) 3 3 (1.33) (1.33) 2 2 (1.25) (1.25) 0.09 0.09 a
4 5 (0.46) (0.46) 5 5 (0.41) (0.41) 4 4 (1.06) (1.06) 0.01 0.01 a
5 5 (0.53) (0.53) 4 4 (0.75) (0.75) 3 3 (1.46) (1.46) 0.01 0.01 a
6 3 (1.41) (1.41) 3 3 (1.37) (1.37) 3 3 (1.67) (1.67) 0.78 0.78 a
7 4 (0.46) (0.46) 4 4 (0.41) (0.41) 4 4 (0.76) (0.76) 0.04 0.04 a
8 2 (1.25) (1.25) 2 2 (0.82) (0.82) 3 3 (1.60) (1.60) 0.51 0.51 a
Total 4 (0.54) (0.54) 4 4 (0.17) (0.17) 3 3 (0.74) (0.74) 0.03 0.03 a
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Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization). Abbreviations: dB, decibel; IOI-HA, Inventory Outcome Index of Hearing Aids; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N1, N1 wave; NEUPSILIN, Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument; P1, P1 wave; SII, Speech Intelligibility Index; N/A, not-applicable (due to prior randomization).