Results
A total of 20 consecutive patients from 4 different centers were included. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the patients. Ten patients had complex forms of CHD, 9 had moderate defects, and 1 patient had a simple defect (Table 2). Ten patients had a previous device in place before attempting CSP. The reason for CSP in these 10 patients included previous ventricular lead dysfunction in 7 patients and pacing-induced cardiomyopaty in the remaining 3 patients. In 3 patients with RV lead dysfunction, extraction of the malfunctioning lead/s was also performed during the same implant procedure (patients #2, #6 and #12). In 5 patients, the malfunctioning leads (endocardial in 2 patients and epicardial in 3 patients) were abandoned during the procedure.