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\begin{document}

\title{Using a sulfur autotrophic fluidized bed reactor for simultaneous
perchlorate and nitrate removal from water: S disproportionation
prediction and system optimization}



\author[1]{Yongde Liu}%
\author[1]{Yang Liu}%
\author[1]{Qiaochong He}%
\author[1]{Qi Li}%
\author[1]{Dongjin Wan}%
\author[1]{Jia Zhou}%
\affil[1]{Henan University of Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
A sulfur autotrophic fluidized bed reactor was established to overcome
mass transfer problems and shorten the co-reduction time for perchlorate
and nitrate from aqueous solution. Response surface methodology (RSM)
was used to predict the subsequent extent of sulfur (S)
disproportionation based on three variable parameters, namely the
hydraulic retention time (HRT), co-existing nitrate concentration
(C\_\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〖\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}inf \begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〗\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}[?][[[[\selectlanguage{english}NO\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〗\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}\_3\^{}--N\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〗 \end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}) and recirculation ratio (R). The
extent of sulfur (S) disproportionation was determined by sulfate
generation and alkalinity consumption. RSM results show that a long HRT
and high R promoted whereas co-existing nitrate inhibited sulfate
production from S disproportionation. For complete perchlorate and
nitrate reduction (\textgreater{}98.45\%) with relatively low sulfate
generation (236.07 mg/L), the optimal HRT, C\_\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〖\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}inf
\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〗\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}[?][[[[\selectlanguage{english}NO\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〗\end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}\_3\^{}--N\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}〗 \end{CJK}\selectlanguage{english}and R were 0.50 h, 10 mg/L and 14, respectively.
High-throughput sequencing revealed that Chlorobaculum was associated
with S disproportionation while the abundance of Sulfurovum, an
effective denitrification/perchlorate reducing bacteria, decreased over
the height of the reactor.%
\end{abstract}%



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