Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). BMI = body mass
index; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MS =
mini-sternotomy group; NYHA = New York Heart Association; PAD =
peripheral artery disease; TT = total thoracoscopic surgery group.
Table 2. Surgical Characteristics