References
1 Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 2016;387 : 1109-22.
2 Asher MI, Montefort S, Björkstén B, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006; 368 : 733-43.
3 Kang S-Y, Song W-J, Cho S-H, Chang Y-S. Time trends of the prevalence of allergic diseases in Korea: A systematic literature review.Asia Pac Allergy 2018; 8 .
4 Lee SY. Can the Use of Antibiotics Alter the Susceptibility to Allergic Diseases? Allergy, asthma & immunology research 2018;10 : 425-27.
5 Song I, Park SJ, Byun SJ, Choe YJ, Shin JY. Increased use of third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics in the outpatient setting in Korean children and adolescents. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 2018; 60 : 803-10.
6 Park YM, Lee S-Y, Kang M-J, et al. Imbalance of Gut Streptococcus, Clostridium, and Akkermansia Determines the Natural Course of Atopic Dermatitis in Infant. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2020;12 : 322-37.
7 Kim H-J, Lee S-H, Hong S-J. Antibiotics-Induced Dysbiosis of Intestinal Microbiota Aggravates Atopic Dermatitis in Mice by Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2020;12 : 137-48.
8 Bieber T. Interleukin-13: Targeting an underestimated cytokine in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2020; 75 : 54-62.
9 Liu X, Nickel R, Beyer K, et al. An IL13 coding region variant is associated with a high total serum IgE level and atopic dermatitis in the German Multicenter Atopy Study (MAS-90). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000; 106 : 167-70.
10 Zitnik SE, Rüschendorf F, Müller S, et al. IL13 variants are associated with total serum IgE and early sensitization to food allergens in children with atopic dermatitis. 2009; 20 : 551-55.
11 Lee S-Y, Yu J, Ahn K-M, et al. Additive Effect between IL-13 Polymorphism and Cesarean Section Delivery/Prenatal Antibiotics Use on Atopic Dermatitis: A Birth Cohort Study (COCOA). PLOS ONE 2014;9 : e96603.
12 Lee E, Kim J-H, Lee S-Y, et al. Association of IL13 genetic polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis: Fine mapping and haplotype analysis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2020;125 : 287-93.
13 Chen JG, Cai TG, Lin LY. IL-13 polymorphisms rs20541 and rs1800925 in atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11 : 6384-96.
14 Yang HJ, Lee SY, Suh DI, et al. The Cohort for Childhood Origin of Asthma and allergic diseases (COCOA) study: design, rationale and methods. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14 : 109.
15 Jung Y-H, Seo J-H, Kim HY, et al. The relationship between asthma and bronchiolitis is modified by TLR4, CD14, and IL-13 polymorphisms.Pediatric Pulmonology 2015; 50 : 8-16.
16 Hanifin JM. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1980; 92 : 44-47.
17 Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis.Dermatology 1993; 186 : 23-31.
18 Kunz B, Oranje AP, Labrèze L, Stalder JF, Ring J, Taïeb A. Clinical validation and guidelines for the SCORAD index: consensus report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 1997;195 : 10-9.
19 Roduit C, Frei R, Depner M, et al. Phenotypes of Atopic Dermatitis Depending on the Timing of Onset and Progression in Childhood.JAMA Pediatrics 2017; 171 : 655-62.
20 Tsakok T, McKeever TM, Yeo L, Flohr C. Does early life exposure to antibiotics increase the risk of eczema? A systematic review. 2013;169 : 983-91.
21 Yamamoto-Hanada K, Yang L, Narita M, Saito H, Ohya Y. Influence of antibiotic use in early childhood on asthma and allergic diseases at age 5. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2017;119 : 54-58.
22 Oosterloo BC, van Elburg RM, Rutten NB, et al. Wheezing and infantile colic are associated with neonatal antibiotic treatment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29 : 151-58.
23 Wickens K, Ingham T, Epton M, et al. The association of early life exposure to antibiotics and the development of asthma, eczema and atopy in a birth cohort: confounding or causality? Clin Exp Allergy2008; 38 : 1318-24.
24 Palmer CNA, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nature Genetics 2006; 38 : 441-46.
25 Slob EMA, Brew BK, Vijverberg SJH, et al. Early-life antibiotic use and risk of asthma and eczema: results of a discordant twin study.The European respiratory journal 2020; 55 .
26 Lee SC, Chua LL, Yap SH, et al. Enrichment of gut-derived Fusobacterium is associated with suboptimal immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals. Scientific Reports 2018; 8 : 14277.
27 Hill DA, Hoffmann C, Abt MC, et al. Metagenomic analyses reveal antibiotic-induced temporal and spatial changes in intestinal microbiota with associated alterations in immune cell homeostasis. Mucosal Immunology 2010; 3 : 148-58.
28 Kalliomäki M, Isolauri E. Role of intestinal flora in the development of allergy. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology2003; 3 : 15-20.
29 Kabesch M, Schedel M, Carr D, et al. IL-4/IL-13 pathway genetics strongly influence serum IgE levels and childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117 : 269-74.
30 Foliaki S, Pearce N, Björkstén B, Mallol J, Montefort S, von Mutius E. Antibiotic use in infancy and symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in children 6 and 7 years old: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase III.Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2009; 124 : 982-89.
31 Sobko T, Schiött J, Ehlin A, Lundberg J, Montgomery S, Norman M. Neonatal sepsis, antibiotic therapy and later risk of asthma and allergy. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology 2010; 24 : 88-92.
32 Williams HC. Atopic dermatitis: the epidemiology, causes and prevention of atopic eczema : Cambridge University Press 2000.