Preoperative assessment
Before surgery, all patients underwent a routine evaluation, including
medical history, physical examination, complete blood count, serum
biochemistry and coagulation tests, and urine culture analysis. The
level of thrombus extension into the vena cava was radiologically
determined using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and/or
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Echocardiography was used to assess
cardiac tumor involvement in advanced cases. Cardiothoracic and general
surgeons were preoperatively consulted for all cases, and other
technical preparations were made based on the complexity of each case.
No
patients were administered neoadjuvant therapy. Informed consent was
obtained from all patients for surgery.