Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

LITERATURE CITED

Atwood W. W. (1937). Records of Pleistocene Glaciers in the Medicine Bow and Park Ranges. The Journal of Geology, 45(2), 113–140. DOI: 10.1086/624513
Benettin P., Bailey S. W., Rinaldo A., Likens G. E., McGuire K. J., & Botter G. (2017). Young runoff fractions control streamwater age and solute concentration dynamics. Hydrological Processes , 31(16), 2982–2986. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.11243
Brown L. E., Hannah D. M., & Milner A. M. (2007). Vulnerability of alpine stream biodiversity to shrinking glaciers and snowpacks.Global Change Biology , 13(5), 958–966. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01341
Broxton P. D., Troch P. A., & Lyon S. W. (2009). On the role of aspect to quantify water transit times in small mountainous catchments.Water Resources Research , 45(8), 1–15. DOI: 10.1029/2008WR007438
Buttle J. M. (1994). lsotope hydrograph separations and rapid delivery of pre-event water from basins drainage. Physical Geography , 18(1), 16–41.
Buttle J. M., Webster K. L., Hazlett P. W., & Jeffries D. S. (2019). Quickflow response to forest harvesting and recovery in a northern hardwood forest landscape. Hydrological Processes , 33(1), 47–65. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13310
Caine N. (1989). Hydrograph separation in a small alpine basin based on inorganic solute concentrations. Journal of Hydrology , 112, 89–101.
Caine N. (1992). Modulation of the diurnal streamflow response by the seasonal snowcover of an alpine basin. Journal of Hydrology , 137(1–4), 245–260. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90059-5
Caissie D., Pollock T. L., & Cunjak R. A. (1996). Variation in stream water chemistry and hydrograph separation in a small drainage basin.Journal of Hydrology , 178(1–4), 137–157. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(95)02806-4
Carroll R. W. H., Bearup L. A., Brown W., Dong W., Bill M., & Willlams K. H. (2018). Factors controlling seasonal groundwater and solute flux from snow-dominated basins. Hydrological Processes , 32(14), 2187–2202. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13151
Carroll R. W. H., Deems J. S., Niswonger R., Schumer R., & Williams K. H. (2019). The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated Headwater Basin. Geophysical Research Letters , 46(11), 5899–5908. DOI: 10.1029/2019GL082447
Case J. C., Arneson C. S., & Hallberg L. L. (1998). Preliminary 1:500,000-scale digital surficial geology map of Wyoming. Wyoming State Geological Survey.
Cross W. P. (1949). The relation of geology to dry‐weather stream flow in Ohio. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union , 30(4), 563–566. DOI: 10.1029/TR030i004p00563
Dadic R., Mott R., Lehning M., & Burlando P. (2010). Wind influence on snow depth distribution and accumulation over glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface , 115(1), 1–8. DOI: 10.1029/2009JF001261
Dunne T., Black R. D. (1971). Runoff Processes during Snowmelt.Water Resources Research , 7 (5), 1160–1172. DOI: 10.1029/WR007i005p01160
Earman S., Campbell A. R., Phillips F. M., & Newman B. D. (2006). Isotopic exchange between snow and atmospheric water vapor: Estimation of the snowmelt component of groundwater recharge in the southwestern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research , 111(9), 1–18. DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006470
Elder K., Dozier J., & Michaelsen J. (1991). Snow Accumulation and distribution in an alpine watershed. Water Resources Research , 27(7), 1541–1552.
Evans C, & Davies T. D. (1998). Causes of concentration/discharge hysteresis and its potential as a tool for analysis of episode hydrochemistry. Water Resources Research , 34(1), 129–137. DOI: 10.1029/97WR01881
Fullhart A. T., Kelleners T. J., Chandler D. G., McNamara J. P., & Seyfried M. S. (2019). Bulk density optimization to determine subsurface hydraulic properties in Rocky Mountain catchments using the GEOtop model. Hydrological Processes , 33(17), 2323–2336. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13471
Genereux D. (1998). Quantifying uncertainty in tracer-based hydrograph separations. Water Resources Research , 34(4), 915–919. DOI: 10.1029/98WR00010
Godsey S. E., Kirchner J. W., & Clow D. W. (2009). Concentration–discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments. Hydrological Processes , 23, 1844–1864. DOI: 10.1002/hyp
Hall F. R. (1968). Base‐Flow Recessions—A Review. Water Resources Research , 4(5), 973–983. DOI: 10.1029/WR004i005p00973
Hamlet A. F., Mote P. W., Clark M. P., & Lettenmaier D. P. (2005). Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on snowpack trends in the Western United States. Journal of Climate , 18(21), 4545–4561. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3538.1
Hewlett J. D. (1961). Soil moisture as a source of base flow from steep mountain watersheds. U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Paper # 132.
Hewlett J. D., & Hibbert A. R. (1967). Factors affecting the response of small watershed to precipitation in humid areas. Forest Hydrology, 275–279. DOI: 10.1177/0309133309338118
Homer C., & Fry J. (2016). The National Land Cover Database. US Geological Survey Fact Sheet (February): 1–4 Available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3020/.
Huth A. K., Leydecker A., Sickman J. O., & Bales R. C. (2004). A two-component hydrograph separation for three high-elevation catchments in the Sierra Nevada, California. Hydrological Processes , 18(9), 1721–1733. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.1414
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2013. Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis, Working Group 1 Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Jantze E. J., Laudon H., Dahlke H. E., & Lyon S. W. (2015). Spatial Variability of Dissolved Organic and Inorganic Carbon in Subarctic Headwater Streams. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research , 47(3), 529–546. DOI: 10.1657/AAAR0014-044
Jasechko S., Jean Birks S., Gleeson T., Wada Y., Fawcett P., Sharp Z., … Welker J. (2014). The pronounced seasonality of global groundwater recharge. Water Resources Research , 50, 8845–8867. DOI: 10.1002/2014WR015829
Jin L., Siegel D. I., Lautz L. K., & Lu Z. (2012). Identifying streamflow sources during spring snowmelt using water chemistry and isotopic composition in semi-arid mountain streams. Journal of Hydrology , 470–471, 289–301. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.009
Kobayashi D. (1986). Separation of a snowmelt hydrograph by stream conductance. Journal of Hydrology , 84, 157–165.
Kronholm S. C., & Capel P. D. (2015). A comparison of high-resolution specific conductance-based end-member mixing analysis and a graphical method for baseflow separation of four streams in hydrologically challenging agricultural watersheds. Hydrological Processes , 29(11), 2521–2533. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10378
Kurylyk B. L., & Hayashi M. (2017). Inferring hydraulic properties of alpine aquifers from the propagation of diurnal snowmelt signals.Water Resources Research , 53(5), 4271–4285. DOI: 10.1002/2016WR019651
Laudon H., Sjöblom V., Buffam I., Seibert J., & Mörth M. (2007). The role of catchment scale and landscape characteristics for runoff generation of boreal streams. Journal of Hydrology , 344(3–4), 198–209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.07.010
Lewis W. M., & Grant M. C. (1979). Relationships between stream discharge and yield of dissolved substances from a Colorado mountain watershed. Soil Science , 128(6), 353–363.
Li D., Wrzesien M. L., Durand M., Adam J., & Lettenmaier D. P. (2017). How much runoff originates as snow in the western United States, and how will that change in the future? Geophysical Research Letters , 44(12), 6163–6172. DOI: 10.1002/2017GL073551
Liu F., Williams M. W., & Caine N. (2004). Source waters and flow paths in an alpine catchment, Colorado Front Range, United States. Water Resources Research , 40(9), 1–16. DOI: 10.1029/2004WR003076
Lloyd C. E. M., Freer J. E., Johnes P. J., & Collins A. L. (2016). Using hysteresis analysis of high-resolution water quality monitoring data, including uncertainty, to infer controls on nutrient and sediment transfer in catchments. Science of the Total Environment , 543, 388–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.028
Loheide S. P., & Lundquist J. D. (2009). Snowmelt-induced diel fluxes through the hyporheic zone. Water Resources Research , 45(7), 1–9. DOI: 10.1029/2008WR007329
Lundquist J. D., & Cayan D. R. (2002). Seasonal and Spatial Patterns in Diurnal Cycles in Streamflow in the Western United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology , 3(5), 591–603. DOI: 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0591:SASPID>2.0.CO;2
Lundquist J. D., & Dettinger M. D. (2005). How snowpack heterogeneity affects diurnal streamflow timing. Water Resources Research , 41(5), 1–14. DOI: 10.1029/2004WR003649
Lundquist J. D., & Flint A. L. (2006). Onset of Snowmelt and Streamflow in 2004 in the Western United States: How Shading May Affect Spring Streamflow Timing in a Warmer World. Journal of Hydrometeorology ,7 (6), 1199–1217. DOI: 10.1175/jhm539.1
Lytle D. A., & Poff N. L. (2004). Adaptation to natural flow regimes.Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 19(2), 94–100.
McCabe G. J., Wolock D. M., Pederson G. T., Woodhouse C. A., & McAfee S. (2017). Evidence that Recent Warming is Reducing Upper Colorado River Flows. Earth Interactions , 21(10). DOI: 10.1175/EI-D-17-0007.1
McNamara J., Kane D. L., & Hinzman L. D. (1997). Hydrograph separation in an Arctic watershed using mixing model and graphical techniques.Water Resources Research , 33(7), 1707–1719.
McNamara J. P., Chandler D., Seyfried M., & Achet S. (2005). Soil moisture states, lateral flow, and streamflow generation in a semi-arid, snowmelt-driven catchment. Hydrological Processes , 19(20), 4023–4038. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.5869
Miller M. P., Buto S. G., Susong D. D., & Rumsey C. A. (2016). The importance of base flow in sustaining surface water flow in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Water Resources Research , 52(5), 3547–3562. DOI: 10.1002/2015WR017963
Miller M. P., Susong D. D., Shope C. L., Heilweil V. M., & Stolp B. J. (2014). Continuous estimation of baseflow in snowmelt-dominated streams and rivers in the Upper Colorado River Basin: A chemical hydrograph separation approach. Water Resources Research , 50(8), 6986–6999. DOI: 10.1002/2013WR014939
Molotch N. P., Brooks P. D., Burns S. P., Litvak M., Monson R. K., Mcconnell J. R., & Musselman K. (2009). Ecohydrological controls on snowmelt partitioning in mixed-conifer sub-alpine forests.Ecohydrology , 2, 129–142. DOI: 10.1002/eco.48
Mueller M. H., Weingartner R., & Alewell C. (2013). Importance of vegetation, topography and flow paths for water transit times of base flow in alpine headwater catchments. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , 17(4), 1661–1679. DOI: 10.5194/hess-17-1661-2013
Mugo J. M., & Sharma T. C. (1999). Application of a conceptual method for separating runoff components in daily hydrographs in Kimakia forest catchments, Kenya. Hydrological Processes , 13(17), 2931–2939, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19991215)13:17<2931::AID-HYP838>3.0.CO;2-N
Munn L. C., & Arneson C. S. (1998). Soils of Albany County, Wyoming. (October): 1–13.
Musselman K. N., Clark M. P., Liu C., Ikeda K., & Rasmussen R. (2017). Slower snowmelt in a warmer world. Nature Climate Change ,7 (3), 214–219. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3225
Mutzner R., Weijs S. V., Tarolli P., Calaf M., Oldroyd H. J., & Parlange M. B. (2015). Controls on the diurnal streamflow cycles in two subbasins of an alpine headwater catchment. Water Resources Research , 51(5), 3403–3418. DOI: 10.1002/2014WR016581
Nippgen F., McGlynn B. L., Marshall L. A., & Emanuel R. E. (2011). Landscape structure and climate influences on hydrologic response.Water Resources Research , 47(12), 1–17. DOI: 10.1029/2011WR011161
Pellerin B. A., Saraceno J. F., Shanley J. B., Sebestyen S. D., Aiken G. R., Wollheim W. M., & Bergamaschi B. A. (2012). Taking the pulse of snowmelt: In situ sensors reveal seasonal, event and diurnal patterns of nitrate and dissolved organic matter variability in an upland forest stream. Biogeochemistry , 108(1–3), 183–198. DOI: 10.1007/s10533-011-9589-8
Penna D., Tromp-Van Meerveld H. J., Gobbi A., Borga M., & Dalla Fontana G. (2011). The influence of soil moisture on threshold runoff generation processes in an alpine headwater catchment. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , 15(3), 689–702. DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-689-2011
Pilgrim D. H., Huff D. D., & Steele T. D. (1979). Use of specific conductance and contact time relations for separating flow components in storm runoff. Water Resources Research , 15(2), 329–339. DOI: 10.1029/WR015i002p00329
Pinder G. F., & Jones J. F. (1969). Determination of the ground‐water component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total runoff.Water Resources Research , 5(2), 438–445. DOI: 10.1029/WR005i002p00438
PRISM Climate Group OSU. 2019. PRISM Climate Data Available at: http://prism.oregonstate.edu.
Qin Y., Abatzoglou J. T., Siebert S,. Huning L. S., AghaKouchak A., Mankin J. S., … Mueller N. D. (2020). Agricultural risks from changing snowmelt. Nature Climate Change, 10, 459-465. DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-0746-8
Reitz M., Sanford W. E., Senay G. B., & Cazenas J. (2017). Annual Estimates of Recharge, Quick-Flow Runoff, and Evapotranspiration for the Contiguous U.S. Using Empirical Regression Equations. Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 53(4), 961–983. DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.12546
Roberge J., & Plamondon A. P. (1987). Snowmelt runoff pathways in a boreal forest hillslope, the role of pipe throughflow. Journal of Hydrology , 95(1–2), 39–54. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(87)90114-4
Rood S. B., Pan J., Gill K. M., Franks C. G., Samuelson G. M., & Shepherd A. (2008). Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: Changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests.Journal of Hydrology , 349(3–4), 397–410. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.012
Rumsey C. A., Miller M. P., Susong D. D., Tillman F. D., & Anning D. W. (2015). Regional scale estimates of baseflow and factors influencing baseflow in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies , 4, 91–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.04.008
Segura C., Noone D., Warren D., Jones J. A., Tenny J., & Ganio L. M. (2019). Climate, Landforms, and Geology Affect Baseflow Sources in a Mountain Catchment. Water Resources Research , 55(7), 5238–5254. DOI: 10.1029/2018WR023551
Singh V. P. (1997). Effect of spatial and temporal variability in rainfall and watershed characteristics on stream flow hydrograph.Hydrological Processes , 11(12), 1649–1669. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971015)11:12<1649::AID-HYP495>3.0.CO;2-1
Sklash M. G., & Farvolden R. N. (1979). The role of groundwater in storm runoff. Journal of Hydrology , 43, 45–65. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-5648(09)70009-7
Spence C. (2007). On the relation between dynamic storage and runoff: A discussion on thresholds, efficiency, and function. Water Resources Research , 43(12), 1–11. DOI: 10.1029/2006WR005645
Stewart I. T., Cayan D. R., & Dettinger M. D. (2005). Changes toward earlier streamflow timing across western North America. Journal of Climate , 18(8), 1136–1155. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3321.1
Tague C., Grant G., Farrell M., Choate J., & Jefferson A. (2008). Deep groundwater mediates streamflow response to climate warming in the Oregon Cascades. Climatic Change , 86(1–2), 189–210. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-007-9294-8
Thayer D., Parsekian A. D., Hyde K., Speckman H., Beverly D., Ewers B., … Holbrook, W.S. (2018). Geophysical Measurements to Determine the Hydrologic Partitioning of Snowmelt on a Snow-Dominated Subalpine Hillslope. Water Resources Research , 54(6), 3788–3808. DOI: 10.1029/2017WR021324
Tromp-Van Meerveld H. J., McDonnell J. J. (2006). Threshold relations in subsurface stormflow: 2. The fill and spill hypothesis. Water Resources Research , 42(2), 1–11. DOI: 10.1029/2004WR003800
Uchida T., Tromp-Van Meerveld I., McDonnell J. J. (2005). The role of lateral pipe flow in hillslope runoff response: An intercomparison of non-linear hillslope response. Journal of Hydrology , 311(1–4), 117–133. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.01.012
Varhola A., Coops N. C., Weiler M., Moore R. D. (2010). Forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and ablation: An integrative review of empirical results. Journal of Hydrology , 392(3–4), 219–233. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.08.009
Vivoni E. R., Rinehart A. J., Mendez-Barroso L. A., Aragon C. A., Bisht G., Cardenas M. B, … Wyckoff, R. L. (2008). Vegetation controls on soil moisture distribution in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, during the North American monsoon. Ecohydrology , 1, 225–238. DOI: 10.1002/eco.11
Webb R. W., Fassnacht S. R., Gooseff M. N. (2018). Hydrologic flow path development varies by aspect during spring snowmelt in complex subalpine terrain. Cryosphere , 12(1), 287–300. DOI: 10.5194/tc-12-287-2018
Williams M. W., Seibold C., Chowanski K. (2009). Storage and release of solutes from a subalpine seasonal snowpack: Soil and stream water response, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry , 95(1), 77–94. DOI: 10.1007/s10533-009-9288-x
Woelber B., Maneta M. P., Harper J., Jencso K. G., Gardner W. P, Wilcox C., López-moreno I. (2018). The influence of diurnal snowmelt and transpiration on hilllslope throughflow and stream response.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , 22, 4295-4310. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4295-2018
Wyoming State Geological Survey. (2014). Wyoming Bedrock Geology. Laramie, WY.
Table 1: Study watershed topographic characteristics. South-facing refers to percent of watershed area with aspect facing south (aspect = 157.5 – 202.5 degrees). North-facing refers to percent of watershed area with aspect facing north (aspect = 0 – 22.5, 337.5 – 360 degrees).