Acknowledgements
We thank the children, now adults, and their parents who participated in the Odense 1985 birth cohort study, and all staff involved in the study over the years. The study was supported by grants from A. J. Andersen og Hustrus Fond, Kong Christian Den Tiendes Fond, Civilingeniør Frode Nyegaard og hustrus Fond, Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond, Fonden til Lægevidenskabens Fremme, Odense University Hospital, Phadia, Statens Læge-videnskabelige Forskningsråd, and Chresten Otto Hansen og hustrus fond.
v. Acknowledgements We thank the children, now adults, and their parents who participated in the Odense 1985 birth cohort study, and all staff involved in the study over the years.
vi. Impact statement
This is the first longitudinal birth cohort study on children diagnosed with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) with follow-up in adulthood at 26 years of age. This study reports the recovery rate of CMPA until 26 years of age, as well as the prevalence of atopic diseases at 15 and 26 years of age in children diagnosed with CMPA during the first year of life. Furthermore, the prevalence of atopic diseases amongst children diagnosed with CMPA during the first year of life is compared to the prevalence of the same diseases amongst a random sample of children from the same birth cohort. The children diagnosed with CMPA show a higher prevalence of astma/rhinoconjunctivitis and astma/atopic dermatitis at 15 and 26 years of age, respectively. This indicates that children who are sensitised from an early age, have a higher risk of developing and/or having persisting atopic diseases all the way into adulthood, and not just into childhood and adolescence as reported in previous studies. Data from follow up of the same birth cohort at 3 and 10 years has previously been published in Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.
vii. References
Høst A, Halken S. A prospective study of cow milk allergy in Danish infants during the first 3 years of life. Clinical course in relation to clinical and immunological type of hypersensitivity reaction. Allergy. 1990 Nov;45(8):587-96.
Sicherer SH. Epidemiology of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Mar;127(3):594-602.
Høst A. Cow’s milk protein allergy and intolerance in infancy. Some clinical, epidemiological and immunological aspects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1994;5(5 Suppl):1-36.
Høst A. Frequency of cow’s milk allergy in childhood. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002 Dec;89(6 Suppl 1):33-7.
Aw M, Penn J, Gauvreau GM, Lima H, Sehmi R. Atopic March: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2020. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2020;181(1):1-10.
Høst A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, Christensen AE, Herskind AM, Plesner K. Clinical course of cow’s milk protein allergy/intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(s15):23-8.
Nissen SP, Kjaer HF, Høst A, Nielsen J, Halken S. The natural course of sensitization and allergic diseases from childhood to adulthood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013 Sep;24(6):549-55.
Høst A, Husby S, Østerballe O. A prospective study of cow’s milk allergy in exclusively breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988: 77: 663–70.
Halken S, Høst A, Husby S, Hansen LG, Østerballe O, Nyboe J. Recurrent wheezing in relation to environmental risk factors in infancy. A prospective study of 276 infants. Allergy 1991: 46: 507–14.
Hansen LG, Høst A, Halken S, et al. IgE screening in 2814 newborn children. Cord Blood IgE I. Allergy 1992: 47: 391–6.
Hansen LG, Høst A, Halken S, Holmskov A, Husby S, Lassen LB, Storm K, Osterballe O. Cord blood IgE. II. Prediction of atopic disease. A follow-up at the age of 18 months. Allergy. 1992 Aug;47(4 Pt 2): 397-403.
Hansen LG, Høst A, Halken S, Holmskov A, Husby S, Lassen LB, Storm K, Osterballe O. Cord blood IgE. III. Prediction of IgE high-response and allergy. A follow-up at the age of 18 months. Allergy. 1992
Savilahti E. Cow’s milk allergy. Allergy. 1981 Feb; 36(2):73-88.
Bahna SL, Gandhi MD. Milk hypersensitivity. II. Practical aspects of diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Ann Allergy. 1983 May;50(5):295-301.
Høst A, Samuelsson EG. Allergic reactions to raw, pasteurized, and homogenized/pasteurized cow milk: a comparison. A double-blind placebo- controlled study in milk allergic children. Allergy. 1988 Feb;43(2):113-8.
Osterballe O, Weeke B. A new lancet for skin prick testing. Allergy. 1979 Aug;34(4):209-12.
Aas K, Backman A, Belin L, Weeke B. Standardization of allergen extracts with appropriate methods. The combined use of skin prick testing and radio-allergosorbent tests. Allergy. 1978 Jun; 33(3):130-7.
Saarinen, K.M., Pelkonen, A.S., Makela, M.J., and Savilahti, E. Clinical course and prognosis of cow’s milk allergy are dependent on milk-specific IgE status. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 116: 869–875
Elizur, A. et al. Natural course and risk factors for persistence of IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Pediatr. 2012; 161: 482–487.e1
Hill, D.J., Firer, M.A., Ball, G., and Hosking, C.S. Natural history of cows’ milk allergy in children: immunological outcome over 2 years. Clin Exp Allergy. 1993; 23: 124–131
Bishop, J.M., Hill, D.J., and Hosking, C.S. Natural history of cow milk allergy: clinical outcome. J Pediatr. 1990; 116: 862–867
Skripak JM, Matsui EC, Mudd K, Wood RA. The natural history of IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov;120(5):1172-7.
Wood RA, Sicherer SH, Vickery BP, Jones SM, Liu AH, Fleischer DM, Henning AK, Mayer L, Burks AW, Grishin A, Stablein D, Sampson HA. The natural history of milk allergy in an observational cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Mar;131(3): 805-12.
Vanto, T. et al. Prediction of the development of tolerance to milk in children with cow’s milk hypersensitivity. J Pediatr. 2004; 144: 218–222
viii. Tables