Abstract Background: We sought to investigate whether adherence to a more plant-based, and less animal-based, diet is associated with visceral adiposity, lipid accumulation product (LAP), and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in Iranian adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 adults aged between 18-75 years old. We created three plant-based diets. including an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), hPDI, and uPDI based on tertiles regarding the intake of animal- or plant-based food items obtained from a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Results: Higher hPDI was significantly associated with lower body mass index (BMI) (P-value = 0.01), lower waist circumference (P-value<0.001), and lower waist-hip ratio (P-value<0.001). A significant increase was found for high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (P-trend <0.001) with a significant decrease for LAP (P-value = 0.03) in those with higher adherence to hPDI. Moreover, greater adherence to PDI was associated with a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p-value=0.01) and fat free mass (FFM) (p-value=0.01). There were no significant associations between PDIs and TyG and VFA. Conclusion: We found that a higher hPDI score was significantly associated with better anthropometric measurements. A significant increase was found for HDL and a significant decrease was found for LAP on hPDI. However, a higher PDI score was significantly associated with higher DBP and higher FFM.