REFERENCES
1. Shah RU, Winkleby MA, Van Horn L, Phillips LS, Eaton CB, Martin LW,
et al. Education, Income, and Incident Heart Failure in Post Menopausal
Women: The Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Therapy trials. J Am Coll
Cardiol 2011;58:1457-1464.
2. Hawkins NM, Jhund PS, McMurray JJV, and Capewell S. Heart failure and
socioeconomic status: accumulating evidence of inequality. Eur J Heart
Failure 2012;14:138–146.
3. McAlister FA, Murphy NF, Simpson CR, Stewart S, MacIntyre K,
Kirkpatrick M, Chalmers J, Redpath A, Capewell S, McMurray JJ. Influence
of socioeconomic deprivation on the primary care burden and treatment of
patients with a diagnosis of heart failure in general practice in
Scotland: population based study. BMJ 2004; 328:1110.
4. Foraker RE, Rose KM, Suchindran CM, Chang PP, McNeill AM, Rosamond
WD. Socioeconomic status, med icaid coverage, clinical comorbidity, and
rehospitalization or death after an incident heart failure
hospitalization: atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort (1987 to
2004). Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:308–316.
5. Bikdeli B, Wayda B, Bao H, Ross JS, Xu X, Chaudhry SI, et al. Place
of Residence and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure: An Analysis
from the Tele-HF Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014;7:749-756.
6. Calvillo–King L, Arnold D, Eubank KJ, Lo M, Yunyongying P, Stieglitz
H, Halm EA. Impact of Social Factors on Risk of Readmission or Mortality
in Pneumonia and Heart Failure: Systematic Review. J Gen Intern Med
2012;28:269-282.
7. Jhund PS, MacIntyre K, Simpson CR, Lewsey JD, Stewart S, Redpath A,
Chalmers JW, Capewell S, McMurray JJ. Long-term trends in first
hospitalization for heart failure and subsequent survival between 1986
and 2003: a population study of 5.1 million people. Circulation
2009;119:515–523.
8. Stewart S, Murphy NF, McMurray JJ, Jhund P, Hart CL, Hole D. Effect
of socioeconomic deprivation on the population risk of incident heart
failure hospitalisation: an analysis of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Eur J
Heart Fail. 2006;8:856–863.
9. Eapen ZJ, McCoy LA, Fonarow GC, Yancy CW, MirandaML, Peterson ED, et
al. Utility of Socioeconomic Status in Predicting 30-Day Outcomes After
Heart Failure Hospitalization. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8:473-480.
10. Philbin EF, Dec GW, Jenkins PL, DiSalvo TG. Socioeconomic status as
an independent risk factor for hospital readmission for heart failure.
American Journal of Cardiology. 2001; 87:1367–1371.
11. McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, Kannel WB. The natural history
of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1971;
285: 1441-1446.
12. Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Jacobsen SJ, Cosio FG.
Using serum creatinine glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good
health and in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:929-937.
13. Senni M, Santilli G, Parrella P, de Maria R, Alari G, Berzuini C, et
al. A novel prognostic index to determine the impact of cardiac
conditions and co-morbidities on one-year outcome in patients with heart
failure. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98:1076–82.
14. Vasan RS, Levy D. Defining diastolic heart failure: a call for
standardized diagnostic criteria. Circulation 2000;101:2118-2121.
15. Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC, Mahoney DW, Bailey KB,
Rodeheffer RJ. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction
in the community. Appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic.
JAMA 2003;289:194-202.
16. Fretz A, Schneider ALC, McEvoy JW, Hoogeveen R, Ballantyne CM,
Coresh J, and Selvin E. The Association of Socioeconomic Status With
Subclinical Myocardial Damage, Incident Cardiovascular Events, and
Mortality in the ARIC Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183:452-461.
17. Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Tyroler HA, et al. Social inequalities and
atherosclerosis. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J
Epidemiol. 1995;141:960–972.
18. Goode KM, John J, Kilpatrick ES, Bragadeesh T, Clark AL, Cleland
JGF. Elevated glycated haemoglobin is a strong predictor of mortality in
patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction who are not
receiving treatment for diabetes mellitus. Heart 2009;95:917-923.
19. Sui X, Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Young JB, Ahmed A. A propensity
matched study of the association of education and outcomes in chronic
heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2008;129:93–99.).
20. Rosenbaum P, Rubin D. Reducing bias in observational studies using
subclassification on the propensity score. J Am Stat Assoc
1984;79:516–524.
21. Rubin D. Using propensity score to help design observational
studies: application to the tobacco litigation. Health Services Outcomes
Res Methodol 2001;2:169–188.
22. D’Agostino RB Jr. Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the
comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med
1998;17:2265-2281.
23. Rosenbaum PR. Sensitivity analysis for matching with multiple
controls. Biometrika 1988;75:577-581.
24. Ghosh D, Lin DY. Nonparametric analysis of recurrent events and
death . Biometrics 2000;56:554-562.
25. Glynn RJ, Buring JE. Ways of measuring rates of recurrent events.
BMJ 1996;312:364-367.
26. Rao JNK, Scott AJ. A simple method for analysing overdispersion in
clustered Poisson data. Statistics in Medicine. 1999; 18:1373–1385.
27. Greenwood M, Yule GU. An inquiry into the nature of frequency
distributions representative of multiple happenings with particular
reference to the occurrence of multiple attacks of disease or of
repeated accidents. J Royal Stat Society 1920;83:255-279.
28. Lin DY, Wei LJ. The robust inference for the Cox
proportional-hazards model. J Am Stat Assoc 1989;84:1074-1078.
29. Kao DP, Lewsey JD, Anand IS, Massie BM, Zile MR, Carson PE, et al.
Characterization of subgroups of heart failure patients with preserved
ejection fraction with possible implications for prognosis and treatment
response.
Eur
J Heart Fail. 2015;17:925-935.
30. Christensen S, Mogelvang R, Heitmann M, Prescott E. Level of
education and risk of heart failure: a prospective cohort study with
echocardiography evaluation. Eur Heart J 2011;32:450–458.
31. Borne Y, Engstrom G, Essen B, Sundquist J, Hedblad B. Country of
birth and risk of hospitalization due to heart failure: a Swedish
population-based cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011;26:275–283.
32. Williams BR, Zhang Y, Sawyer P, Mujib M, Jones LG, Feller MA, et al.
Intrinsic Association of Widowhood With Mortality in Community-Dwelling
Older Women and Men: Findings From a Prospective Propensity-Matched
Population Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 2011;66A:1360-1368.
33. Masoudi FA, Baillie CA, Wang Y, Bradford WD, Steiner JF, Havranek
EP, Foody JM, Krumholz HM. The complexity and cost of drug regimens of
older patients hospitalized with heart failure in the United States,
1998–2001. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2069–2076.
34. Shah SM, Carey IM, DeWilde S, Richards N, Cook DG. Trends and
inequities in beta-blocker prescribing for heart failure. Br J Gen Pract
2008;58:862–869. )
35. Evangelista LS, Rasmusson KD, Laramee AS, Barr J, Ammon SE, Dunbar
S, et al.. Health literacy and the patient with heart
failure—implications for patient care and research: a consensus
statement of the Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail
2010;16:9–16.
36. Ghali JK, Kadakia S, Cooper R, Ferlinz J. Precipitating factors
leading to decompensation of heart failure. Traits among urban blacks.
Arch Intern Med 1988;148: 2013–2016.
37. Winkleby MA, Kraemer HC, Ahn DK, Varady AN. Ethnic and socioeconomic
differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: findings for women
from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
1988–1994. JAMA. 1998; 280:356–62.
38. Jacobsen BK, Thelle DS. Risk factors for coronary heart disease and
level of education. The Tromso Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol
1988;127:923–932.
39. Lee JR, Paultre F, Mosca L. The association between educational
level and risk of cardiovascular disease fatality among women with
cardiovascular disease. Womens Health Issues 2005;15:80–88.
40. Feldman JJ, Makuc DM, Kleinman JC, Cornoni-Huntley J. National
trends in educational differentials in mortality. Am J Epidemiol
1989;129:919–933.
41. Weissman JS, Stern R, Fielding SL, Epstein AM. Delayed access to
health care: risk factors, reasons, and consequences. Ann Intern Med
1991;114:325–331.
42. Riegel B, Moser DK, Anker SD, Appel LJ, Dunbar SB, Grady KL, et al.
State of the science: promoting self-care in persons with heart failure:
a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation.
2009; 120:1141–63.
43. Brotman DJ, Golden SH, Wittstein IS. The cardiovascular toll of
stress. Lancet 2007;370:1089–1100.
44. Koelling TM, Johnson ML, Cody RJ, Aaronson KD. Discharge education
improves clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure.
Circulation 2005;111:179–185.
45. Stromberg A. The crucial role of patient education in heart failure.
Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:363–369.
46. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS,
et al. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. 2016 ESC Guidelines for
the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task
Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure
of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with
the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J
2016;37:2129-2200.
47. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, et
al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for
the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of
Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice
Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail.
2017;23:628-651.
48. Fabbri, M, Yost K, Finney Rutten LJ, Manemann SM, Boyd CM, Jensen D,
et al. Health Literacy and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure: A
Prospective Community Study Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93:9-15.
49. Kirstensen SL, Kober L, Jhund PS, Solomon SD, Kjekshus J, McKelvie
RS. et al. International geographic variation in event rates in trials
of heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction.
Circulation 2015;131:43-53.