Conflict of Interest Statement
AA, BKP, CBB, CEG, RLJ, RTK, SHK, SLP and XM declare that that they have
no conflicts of interest. AO declares no direct conflict of interest but
is Director and CSO for Tandem Nano Ltd and a co-inventor of patents
relating to drug delivery of infectious disease medicines. AEC reports
no direct conflict of interest but receives research funding for the
support of SP and RLJ from Servier Pharmaceuticals and AstraZeneca,
these are unrelated to the published work. AEC receives additional
unrelated research funding from Janssen Pharmaceuticals. AO has received
consultancy and /or research funding from ViiV Healthcare, Merck,
AstraZeneca, Gilead, and Janssen unrelated to the current paper. DB
received educational grants and/or consultancy from AbbVie, Novartis,
Merck, Gilead and Viiv Healthcare outside the submitted work. MP
receives research funding from various organisations including the MRC,
NIHR, EU Commission and Health Education England. He has also received
partnership funding for the following: MRC Clinical Pharmacology
Training Scheme (co-funded by MRC and Roche, UCB, Eli Lilly and
Novartis); and a PhD studentship jointly funded by EPSRC and Astra
Zeneca. He has also unrestricted educational grant support for the UK
Pharmacogenetics and Stratified Medicine Network from Bristol-Myers
Squibb and UCB. None of the funding received is related to the current
paper.
References
Abou-Auda, H. S., & Sakr, W. (2010). Tocilizumab: A new anti-rheumatic
drug. Saudi Pharm J, 18 (4), 257-259.
doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2010.07.009
Adalja, A., & Inglesby, T. (2019). Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents: A
Crucial Pandemic Tool. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy,
17 (7), 467-470. doi:10.1080/14787210.2019.1635009
Agostini, M. L., Andres, E. L., Sims, A. C., Graham, R. L., Sheahan, T.
P., Lu, X., . . . Denison, M. R. (2018). Coronavirus Susceptibility to
the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase
and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease. mBio, 9 (2).
doi:10.1128/mBio.00221-18
Al-Salama, Z. T., & Scott, L. J. (2018). Baricitinib: A Review in
Rheumatoid Arthritis. Drugs, 78 (7), 761-772.
doi:10.1007/s40265-018-0908-4
Alvarez-Larran, A., Verstovsek, S., Perez-Encinas, M., Kiladjian, J.,
Ferrer-Marin, F., Vannucchi, A., . . . Hernandez-Boluda, J. (2018).
Comparison of ruxolitinib and real-world best available therapy in terms
of overall survial and thrombosis in patients with polycythemia vera who
are resistant or intolerant to hydroxyurea [Poster]. European
Haematology Association.
Anger, F., Wiegering, A., Wagner, J., Lock, J., Baur, J., Haug, L., . .
. Klein, I. (2017). Toxic drug-induced liver failure during therapy of
rheumatoid arthritis with tocilizumab subcutaneously: a case report.Rheumatology, 56 (9), 1628-1629. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex221
Arshad, U., Pertinez, H., Box, H., Tatham, L., Rajoli, R. K., Curley,
P., . . . Owen, A. (2020). Prioritisation of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2
drug repurposing opportunities based on ability to achieve adequate
target site concentrations derived from their established human
pharmacokinetics. medRxiv , 2020.2004.2016.20068379.
doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.20068379
Asrani, S. K., Devarbhavi, H., Eaton, J., & Kamath, P. S. (2019).
Burden of liver diseases in the world. Journal of Hepatology,
70 (1), 151-171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.014
Atallah, B., Mallah, S. I., & AlMahmeed, W. (2020). Anticoagulation in
COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother .
doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa036
Bangash, M. N., Patel, J., & Parekh, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the liver:
little cause for concern. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol .
doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30084-4
Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B.
S., Kalil, A. C., . . . Lane, H. C. (2020). Remdesivir for the Treatment
of Covid-19 — Preliminary Report. New England Journal of
Medicine . doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
Bessiere, F., Roccia, H., Deliniere, A., Charriere, R., Chevalier, P.,
Argaud, L., & Cour, M. (2020). Assessment of QT Intervals in a Case
Series of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection
Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With
Azithromycin in an Intensive Care Unit. JAMA Cardiol .
doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1787
Biogen. (2007). SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS - AVONEX. In.
Borba, M. G. S., Val, F. F. A., Sampaio, V. S., Alexandre, M. A. A.,
Melo, G. C., Brito, M., . . . Lacerda, M. V. G. (2020). Effect of High
vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for
Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw
Open, 3 (4), e208857. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857
Boulware, D. R., Pullen, M. F., Bangdiwala, A. S., Pastick, K. A.,
Lofgren, S. M., Okafor, E. C., . . . Hullsiek, K. H. (2020). A
Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for
Covid-19. N Engl J Med . doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2016638
Bresnihan, B., Alvaro-Gracia, J. M., Cobby, M., Doherty, M., Domljan,
Z., Emery, P., . . . Musikic, P. (1998). Treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.Arthritis Rheum, 41 (12), 2196-2204.
doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199812)41:12<2196::Aid-art15>3.0.Co;2-2
Burkard, C., Verheije, M. H., Wicht, O., van Kasteren, S. I., van
Kuppeveld, F. J., Haagmans, B. L., . . . de Haan, C. A. (2014).
Coronavirus cell entry occurs through the endo-/lysosomal pathway in a
proteolysis-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog, 10 (11), e1004502.
doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004502
Cantini, F., Niccoli, L., Matarrese, D., Nicastri, E., Stobbione, P., &
Goletti, D. (2020). Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on
safety and clinical impact. J Infect .
doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.017
Cao, B., Wang, Y., Wen, D., Liu, W., Wang, J., Fan, G., . . . Wang, C.
(2020). A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with
Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med . doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
Carter, S. J., Tattersall, R. S., & Ramanan, A. V. (2018). Macrophage
activation syndrome in adults: recent advances in pathophysiology,
diagnosis and treatment. Rheumatology, 58 (1), 5-17.
doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key006
Cavalli, G., De Luca, G., Campochiaro, C., Della-Torre, E., Ripa, M.,
Canetti, D., . . . Dagna, L. (2020). Interleukin-1 blockade with
high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress
syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study. The
Lancet Rheumatology, 2 (6), e325-e331.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30127-2
Cawthorne, C., Prenant, C., Smigova, A., Julyan, P., Maroy, R., Herholz,
K., . . . Boutin, H. (2011). Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and
metabolism of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) using
[¹⁸F]-IL1RA and PET imaging in rats. Br J Pharmacol, 162 (3),
659-672. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01068.x
Chan, J. F., Chan, K. H., Kao, R. Y., To, K. K., Zheng, B. J., Li, C.
P., . . . Yuen, K. Y. (2013). Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Infect, 67 (6),
606-616. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029
Chandwani, A., & Shuter, J. (2008). Lopinavir/ritonavir in the
treatment of HIV-1 infection: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag,
4 (5), 1023-1033. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s3285
Channappanavar, R., Fehr, A. R., Zheng, J., Wohlford-Lenane, C.,
Abrahante, J. E., Mack, M., . . . Perlman, S. (2019). IFN-I response
timing relative to virus replication determines MERS coronavirus
infection outcomes. J Clin Invest, 130 (9), 3625-3639.
doi:10.1172/jci126363
Chatre, C., Roubille, F., Vernhet, H., Jorgensen, C., & Pers, Y. M.
(2018). Cardiac Complications Attributed to Chloroquine and
Hydroxychloroquine: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Drug
Saf, 41 (10), 919-931. doi:10.1007/s40264-018-0689-4
Chu, C. M., Cheng, V. C., Hung, I. F., Wong, M. M., Chan, K. H., Chan,
K. S., . . . Yuen, K. Y. (2004). Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the
treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings.Thorax, 59 (3), 252-256. doi:10.1136/thorax.2003.012658
Clinical Trials.gov. (2019). Putative Investigational Therapeutics in
the Treatment of Patients With Known Ebola Infection. Retrieved from
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02363322
Clinical Trials.gov. (2020a). Nitazoxanide | COVID-19.
Retrieved from
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID-19&term=nitazoxanide&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=
Clinical Trials.gov. (2020b). Recruiting, Active, not recruiting Studies
covid-19. Retrieved from
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=covid-19&Search=Apply&recrs=a&recrs=d&age_v=&gndr=&type=Intr&rslt
Clinical Trials.gov. (2020c). SARS-CoV-2, Kineret and IL-1RA. Retrieved
from
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID-19&term=anakinra&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=
Clinical Trials.gov. (2020d). Vitamin C Infusion for the Treatment of
Severe 2019-nCoV Infected Pneumonia. Retrieved from
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04264533
Cohen, S., Hurd, E., Cush, J., Schiff, M., Weinblatt, M. E., Moreland,
L. W., . . . McCabe, D. (2002). Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with
anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in
combination with methotrexate: results of a twenty-four-week,
multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Arthritis Rheum, 46 (3), 614-624. doi:10.1002/art.10141
Commission on Human Medicines. (2020). Commission on Human Medicines
advice on ibuprofen and coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved from
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/commission-on-human-medicines-advice-on-ibuprofen-and-coronavirus-covid-19
Concordia Pharmaceuticals Inc. (2017). PLAQUENIL® - HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE
SULFATE TABLETS, USP. In.
Conti, P., Ronconi, G., Caraffa, A., Gallenga, C. E., Ross, R., Frydas,
I., & Kritas, S. K. (2020). Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines
(IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or
SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies. J Biol Regul Homeost
Agents, 34 (2). doi:10.23812/conti-e
David, S., & Hamilton, J. P. (2010). Drug-induced Liver Injury.US Gastroenterol Hepatol Rev, 6 , 73-80.
Dawes, B. E., Kalveram, B., Ikegami, T., Juelich, T., Smith, J. K.,
Zhang, L., . . . Freiberg, A. N. (2018). Favipiravir (T-705) protects
against Nipah virus infection in the hamster model. Scientific
Reports, 8 (1), 7604. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25780-3
Dayer, M. R., Taleb-Gassabi, S., & Dayer, M. S. (2017). Lopinavir; A
Potent Drug against Coronavirus Infection: Insight from Molecular
Docking Study. Arch Clin Infect Dis, 12 (4), e13823.
doi:10.5812/archcid.13823
Deisseroth, A., Ko, C. W., Nie, L., Zirkelbach, J. F., Zhao, L.,
Bullock, J., . . . Pazdur, R. (2015). FDA approval: siltuximab for the
treatment of patients with multicentric Castleman disease. Clin
Cancer Res, 21 (5), 950-954. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-14-1678
Di Micco, P., Russo, V., Carannante, N., Imparato, M., Rodolfi, S.,
Cardillo, G., & Lodigiani, C. (2020). Clotting Factors in COVID-19:
Epidemiological Association and Prognostic Values in Different Clinical
Presentations in an Italian Cohort. J Clin Med, 9 (5).
doi:10.3390/jcm9051371
Dinarello, C. A., Simon, A., & van der Meer, J. W. (2012). Treating
inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases.Nat Rev Drug Discov, 11 (8), 633-652. doi:10.1038/nrd3800
Djukanović, R., Harrison, T., Johnston, S. L., Gabbay, F., Wark, P.,
Thomson, N. C., . . . Monk, P. (2014). The effect of inhaled IFN-β on
worsening of asthma symptoms caused by viral infections. A randomized
trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 190 (2), 145-154.
doi:10.1164/rccm.201312-2235OC
Dohme, M. S. (2003). SUMMARIES OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS - Losartan.
In.
Drepper, M., Rubbia-Brandt, L., & Spahr, L. (2013). Tocilizumab-Induced
Acute Liver Injury in Adult Onset Still’s Disease. Case Reports
Hepatol, 2013 , 964828. doi:10.1155/2013/964828
Eli Lilly. (2017). SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS - Baricitinib. In.
Emery, P., Keystone, E., Tony, H. P., Cantagrel, A., van Vollenhoven,
R., Sanchez, A., . . . Kremer, J. (2008). IL-6 receptor inhibition with
tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results
from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial.Ann Rheum Dis, 67 (11), 1516-1523. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.092932
Emery, P., Rondon, J., Parrino, J., Lin, Y., Pena-Rossi, C., van
Hoogstraten, H., . . . Spindler, A. (2019). Safety and tolerability of
subcutaneous sarilumab and intravenous tocilizumab in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 58 (5), 849-858.
doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key361
European Medicines Agency. (2020). Summary on compassionate use -
Remdesivir Gilead. In.
Fang, L., Karakiulakis, G., & Roth, M. (2020). Are patients with
hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19
infection? Lancet Respir Med . doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30116-8
Favalli, E. G., Ingegnoli, F., De Lucia, O., Cincinelli, G., Cimaz, R.,
& Caporali, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection and rheumatoid arthritis:
Faraway, so close! Autoimmun Rev , 102523.
doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102523
Ferrario, C. M., Jessup, J., Chappell, M. C., Averill, D. B., Brosnihan,
K. B., Tallant, E. A., . . . Gallagher, P. E. (2005). Effect of
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor
blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation,
111 (20), 2605-2610. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.510461
Fleischmann, R., van Adelsberg, J., Lin, Y., Castelar-Pinheiro, G. D.,
Brzezicki, J., Hrycaj, P., . . . Burmester, G. R. (2017). Sarilumab and
Nonbiologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With
Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response or Intolerance to
Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors. Arthritis Rheumatol, 69 (2),
277-290. doi:10.1002/art.39944
Fleischmann, R. M., Halland, A. M., Brzosko, M., Burgos-Vargas, R.,
Mela, C., Vernon, E., & Kremer, J. M. (2013). Tocilizumab inhibits
structural joint damage and improves physical function in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate responses to methotrexate: LITHE
study 2-year results. J Rheumatol, 40 (2), 113-126.
doi:10.3899/jrheum.120447
Fleischmann, R. M., Schechtman, J., Bennett, R., Handel, M. L.,
Burmester, G. R., Tesser, J., . . . Sun, G. (2003). Anakinra, a
recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in
patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A large, international, multicenter,
placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum, 48 (4), 927-934.
doi:10.1002/art.10870
Foundation, E. L. (2020). COVID-19 AND LUNG DISEASE Q&A. .
Fridman, J. S., Scherle, P. A., Collins, R., Burn, T. C., Li, Y., Li,
J., . . . Vaddi, K. (2010). Selective Inhibition of JAK1 and JAK2 Is
Efficacious in Rodent Models of Arthritis: Preclinical Characterization
of INCB028050. The Journal of Immunology, 184 (9), 5298-5307.
doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902819
Furuta, Y., Gowen, B. B., Takahashi, K., Shiraki, K., Smee, D. F., &
Barnard, D. L. (2013). Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase
inhibitor. Antiviral Research, 100 (2), 446-454.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.015
Furuta, Y., Komeno, T., & Nakamura, T. (2017). Favipiravir (T-705), a
broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proceedings of
the Japan Academy, Series B, 93 (7), 449-463. doi:10.2183/pjab.93.027
Furuta, Y., Takahashi, K., Fukuda, Y., Kuno, M., Kamiyama, T., Kozaki,
K., . . . Shiraki, K. (2002). In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of
Anti-Influenza Virus Compound T-705. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, 46 (4), 977-981. doi:10.1128/aac.46.4.977-981.2002
Gao, J., Tian, Z., & Yang, X. (2020). Breakthrough: Chloroquine
phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19
associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trends, 14 (1),
72-73. doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047
Gautret, P., Lagier, J. C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L.,
Mailhe, M., . . . Raoult, D. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin
as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized
clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents , 105949.
doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
Gautret, P., Lagier, J. C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L.,
Sevestre, J., . . . Raoult, D. (2020). Clinical and microbiological
effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80
COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot
observational study. Travel Med Infect Dis, 34 , 101663.
doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663
Genovese, M. C., Fleischmann, R., Kivitz, A. J., Rell-Bakalarska, M.,
Martincova, R., Fiore, S., . . . van der Heijde, D. (2015). Sarilumab
Plus Methotrexate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and
Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III Study.Arthritis Rheumatol, 67 (6), 1424-1437. doi:10.1002/art.39093
Genovese, M. C., Smolen, J. S., Emery, P., Jones, G., Lee, J. S.,
Alecock, E., & Kremer, J. M. (2008). Lipid and inflammatory
biomarker profiles in patients receiving tocilizumab for rheumatoid
arthritis: analysis of five phase 3 clinical trials. Paper presented at
the Arthritis Rheum.
Genovese, M. C., van der Heijde, D., Lin, Y., St John, G., Wang, S., van
Hoogstraten, H., . . . Burmester, G. R. (2019). Long-term safety and
efficacy of sarilumab plus methotrexate on disease activity, physical
function and radiographic progression: 5 years of sarilumab plus
methotrexate treatment. RMD Open, 5 (2), e000887.
doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000887
Gilead. (2020). FACT SHEET FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS: EMERGENCY USE
AUTHORIZATION (EUA) OF REMDESIVIR (GS-5734™). In.
Giner Galvan, V., Oltra, M. R., Rueda, D., Esteban, M. J., & Redon, J.
(2007). Severe acute hepatitis related to hydroxychloroquine in a woman
with mixed connective tissue disease. Clin Rheumatol, 26 (6),
971-972. doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0218-1
Goa, K. L., & Wagstaff, A. J. (1996). Losartan potassium: a review of
its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management
of hypertension. Drugs, 51 (5), 820-845.
doi:10.2165/00003495-199651050-00008
Group, L. D. I. (2020). Interactions with Experimental COVID-19
Therapies. Retrieved from http://www.covid19-druginteractions.org/
Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.-x., . .
. Zhong, N.-s. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease
2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382 (18),
1708-1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Guo, Y. R., Cao, Q. D., Hong, Z. S., Tan, Y. Y., Chen, S. D., Jin, H.
J., . . . Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical
therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on
the status. Mil Med Res, 7 (1), 11. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Gurwitz, D. (2020). Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative
SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res . doi:10.1002/ddr.21656
He, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, S., Kou, Z., Li, W., Farzan, M., & Jiang, S.
(2004). Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly
potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit
vaccine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 324 (2), 773-781.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.106
Hensley, L. E., Fritz, L. E., Jahrling, P. B., Karp, C. L., Huggins, J.
W., & Geisbert, T. W. (2004). Interferon-beta 1a and SARS coronavirus
replication. Emerg Infect Dis, 10 (2), 317-319.
doi:10.3201/eid1002.030482
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Kruger, N., Herrler, T.,
Erichsen, S., . . . Pohlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends
on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease
Inhibitor. Cell . doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Horby, P., & Landray, M. (2020). Statement from the Chief Investigators
of the Randomised Evaluation of COVid-19 thERapY (RECOVERY) Trial on
hydroxychloroquine, 5 June 2020 [Press release]. Retrieved from
https://www.recoverytrial.net/files/hcq-recovery-statement-050620-final-002.pdf
Hoshi, D., Nakajima, A., Inoue, E., Shidara, K., Sato, E., Kitahama, M.,
. . . Yamanaka, H. (2012). Incidence of serious respiratory infections
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab.Mod Rheumatol, 22 (1), 122-127. doi:10.1007/s10165-011-0488-6
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., . . . Cao, B.
(2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel
coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395 (10223), 497-506.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Huet, T., Beaussier, H., Voisin, O., Jouveshomme, S., Dauriat, G.,
Lazareth, I., . . . Hayem, G. (2020). Anakinra for severe forms of
COVID-19: a cohort study. The Lancet Rheumatology .
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30164-8
Huizinga, T. W., Fleischmann, R. M., Jasson, M., Radin, A. R., van
Adelsberg, J., Fiore, S., . . . Genovese, M. C. (2014). Sarilumab, a
fully human monoclonal antibody against IL-6Ralpha in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate:
efficacy and safety results from the randomised SARIL-RA-MOBILITY Part A
trial. Ann Rheum Dis, 73 (9), 1626-1634.
doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204405
Hung, I. F.-N., Lung, K.-C., Tso, E. Y.-K., Liu, R., Chung, T. W.-H.,
Chu, M.-Y., . . . Yuen, K.-Y. (2020). Triple combination of interferon
beta-1b, lopinavir–ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of
patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised,
phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 395 (10238), 1695-1704.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31042-4
Hurley, D. (2020). Sharp Increase in Large-Vessel Stroke Risk Seen In
Young, Healthy COVID-19 Patients. Retrieved from
https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/fulltext/2020/05210/sharp_increase_in_large_vessel_stroke_risk_seen_in.2.aspx?casa_token=bfLY2Y_lXFoAAAAA:IBs0WBigfoATf249JaCH9lDIMkuIWwTKP_p9ZND_7VhnzGRB4FaYjkT5mcmRZiikXvIbo5_hnTwXunlk5WMRVR5I0wTXXUzC-J2xog
Identifier ChiCTR2000029996, A randomized, open-label, controlled trial
for the efficacy and safety of Farpiravir Tablets in the treatment of
patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). (2020). Retrieved
from http://www.chictr.org.cn
Inc., A. (2001). Kineret (anakinra). In.
Inc., A. (2016). FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION - KALETRA In.
Janssen Biotech Inc. (2019). SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS -
Siltuximab. In.
John Hopkins University and Medicine. (2020). Coronavirus COVID-19
Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at
Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Retrieved from
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Jones, G., Sebba, A., Gu, J., Lowenstein, M. B., Calvo, A., Gomez-Reino,
J. J., . . . Genovese, M. C. (2010). Comparison of tocilizumab
monotherapy versus methotrexate monotherapy in patients with moderate to
severe rheumatoid arthritis: the AMBITION study. Ann Rheum Dis,
69 (1), 88-96. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.105197
Kaiser, C., Knight, A., Nordström, D., Pettersson, T., Fransson, J.,
Florin-Robertsson, E., & Pilström, B. (2012). Injection-site reactions
upon Kineret (anakinra) administration: experiences and explanations.Rheumatology International, 32 (2), 295-299.
doi:10.1007/s00296-011-2096-3
Kameda, H., Wada, K., Takahashi, Y., Hagino, O., van Hoogstraten, H.,
Graham, N., & Tanaka, Y. (2020). Sarilumab monotherapy or in
combination with non-methotrexate disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
in active rheumatoid arthritis: A Japan phase 3 trial (HARUKA).Mod Rheumatol, 30 (2), 239-248. doi:10.1080/14397595.2019.1639939
Keystone, E. C., Taylor, P. C., Drescher, E., Schlichting, D. E.,
Beattie, S. D., Berclaz, P.-Y., . . . Genovese, M. C. (2015). Safety and
efficacy of baricitinib at 24 weeks in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis who have had an inadequate response to methotrexate.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 74 (2), 333-340.
doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206478
Khandia, R., Munjal, A., Dhama, K., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Malik, Y.
S., . . . Chaicumpa, W. (2018). Modulation of Dengue/Zika Virus
Pathogenicity by Antibody-Dependent Enhancement and Strategies to
Protect Against Enhancement in Zika Virus Infection. Frontiers in
immunology, 9 , 597-597. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00597
Kiss, J., Yegutkin, G. G., Koskinen, K., Savunen, T., Jalkanen, S., &
Salmi, M. (2007). IFN-β protects from vascular leakage via up-regulation
of CD73. European Journal of Immunology, 37 (12), 3334-3338.
doi:10.1002/eji.200737793
Klimas, J., Olvedy, M., Ochodnicka-Mackovicova, K., Kruzliak, P.,
Cacanyiova, S., Kristek, F., . . . Ochodnicky, P. (2015). Perinatally
administered losartan augments renal ACE2 expression but not cardiac or
renal Mas receptor in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cell Mol
Med, 19 (8), 1965-1974. doi:10.1111/jcmm.12573
Klok, F. A., Kruip, M., van der Meer, N. J. M., Arbous, M. S., Gommers,
D., Kant, K. M., . . . Endeman, H. (2020). Confirmation of the high
cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU
patients with COVID-19: An updated analysis. Thromb Res .
doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.041
Kowalec, K., Wright, G. E. B., Drögemöller, B. I., Aminkeng, F.,
Bhavsar, A. P., Kingwell, E., . . . Carleton, B. C. (2018). Common
variation near IRF6 is associated with IFN-β-induced liver injury in
multiple sclerosis. Nature Genetics, 50 (8), 1081-1085.
doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0168-y
La Rosée, P., Horne, A., Hines, M., von Bahr Greenwood, T., Machowicz,
R., Berliner, N., . . . Henter, J.-I. (2019). Recommendations for the
management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Blood,
133 (23), 2465-2477. doi:10.1182/blood.2018894618
Li, Y., Xie, Z., Lin, W., Cai, W., Wen, C., Guan, Y., . . . Li, L.
(2020). An exploratory randomized controlled study on the efficacy and
safety of lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol treating adult patients
hospitalized with mild/moderate COVID-19 (ELACOI). medRxiv ,
2020.2003.2019.20038984. doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.20038984
Liu, J., Cao, R., Xu, M., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Hu, H., . . . Wang, M.
(2020). Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is
effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell
Discov, 6 , 16. doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0
Liu, T., Hu, J., Kang, M., Lin, L., Zhong, H., Xiao, J., . . . Ma, W.
(2020). Transmission dynamics of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).bioRxiv , 2020.2001.2025.919787. doi:10.1101/2020.01.25.919787
LiverTox. (2016). Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced
Liver Injury - Siltuximab. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548932/
LiverTox. (2017a). Clinical and Reseach Information on Drug-induced
Liver Injury - Losartan. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547842/
LiverTox. (2017b). Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced
Liver Injury [Internet]. - Sarilumab. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547964/
Lokugamage, K. G., Schindewolf, C., & Menachery, V. D. (2020).
SARS-CoV-2 sensitive to type I interferon pretreatment. bioRxiv ,
2020.2003.2007.982264. doi:10.1101/2020.03.07.982264
Madelain, V., Nguyen, T. H., Olivo, A., de Lamballerie, X., Guedj, J.,
Taburet, A. M., & Mentré, F. (2016). Ebola Virus Infection: Review of
the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drugs Considered
for Testing in Human Efficacy Trials. Clin Pharmacokinet, 55 (8),
907-923. doi:10.1007/s40262-015-0364-1
Magagnoli, J., Narendran, S, Pereira, F, Cummings, F, Hardin, JW, Scott
SS, Ambati, J. (2020). Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United
States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19. medRxiv . doi:
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20065920
Mahamid, M., Mader, R., & Safadi, R. (2011). Hepatotoxicity of
tocilizumab and anakinra in rheumatoid arthritis: management decisions.Clin Pharmacol, 3 , 39-43. doi:10.2147/cpaa.S24004
Maini, R. N., Taylor, P. C., Szechinski, J., Pavelka, K., Broll, J.,
Balint, G., . . . Kishimoto, T. (2006). Double-blind randomized
controlled clinical trial of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist,
tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an
incomplete response to methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum, 54 (9),
2817-2829. doi:10.1002/art.22033
Mallick, P., Taneja, G., Moorthy, B., & Ghose, R. (2017). Regulation of
drug-metabolizing enzymes in infectious and inflammatory disease:
implications for biologics-small molecule drug interactions.Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 13 (6), 605-616.
doi:10.1080/17425255.2017.1292251
Mao, R., Qiu, Y., He, J.-S., Tan, J.-Y., Li, X.-H., Liang, J., . . .
Chen, M.-H. (2020). Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and
liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology .
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30126-6
Marmor, M. F., Kellner, U., Lai, T. Y., Lyons, J. S., Mieler, W. F., &
American Academy of, O. (2011). Revised recommendations on screening for
chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology,
118 (2), 415-422. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.017
Mathian, A., Mahevas, M., Rohmer, J., Roumier, M., Cohen-Aubart, F.,
Amador-Borrero, B., . . . Amoura, Z. (2020). Clinical course of
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a series of 17 patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus under long-term treatment with
hydroxychloroquine. Ann Rheum Dis .
doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217566
McCarty, D., & Robinson, A. (2018). Efficacy and safety of sarilumab in
patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet
Dis, 10 (3), 61-67. doi:10.1177/1759720x17752037
McChesney, E. W., Banks, W. F., Jr., & Fabian, R. J. (1967). Tissue
distribution of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and desethylchloroquine
in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 10 (3), 501-513.
doi:10.1016/0041-008x(67)90089-0
Medicines and healthcare products Regulatory Agency. (2020a).
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and high blood pressure medication. Retrieved
from
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/coronavirus-covid-19-and-high-blood-pressure-medication
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. (2020b). Early
access to medicines scheme (EAMS) scientific opinion: Remdesivir in the
treatment of patients hospitalised with suspected or
laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who meet the clinical
criteria. Retrieved from
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/early-access-to-medicines-scheme-eams-scientific-opinion-remdesivir-in-the-treatment-of-patients-hospitalised-with-suspected-or-laboratory-confirme
Mehra, M. R., Ruschitzka, F., & Patel, A. N. (2020).
Retraction—Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a
macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis.The Lancet .
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31324-6
Mehta, P., Cron, R. Q., Hartwell, J., Manson, J. J., & Tattersall, R.
S. (2020). Silencing the cytokine storm: the use of intravenous anakinra
in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or macrophage activation
syndrome. The Lancet Rheumatology, 2 (6), e358-e367.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30096-5
Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., &
Manson, J. J. (2020). COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and
immunosuppression. The Lancet, 395 (10229), 1033-1034.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
Mercuro, N. J., Yen, C. F., Shim, D. J., Maher, T. R., McCoy, C. M.,
Zimetbaum, P. J., & Gold, H. S. (2020). Risk of QT Interval
Prolongation Associated With Use of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without
Concomitant Azithromycin Among Hospitalized Patients Testing Positive
for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol .
doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1834
Mertens, M., & Singh, J. A. (2009). Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis:
a systematic review. J Rheumatol, 36 (6), 1118-1125.
doi:10.3899/jrheum.090074
Michaelides, M., Stover, N. B., Francis, P. J., & Weleber, R. G.
(2011). Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and
chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation
of therapy. Arch Ophthalmol, 129 (1), 30-39.
doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.321
Middeldorp, S., Coppens, M., van Haaps, T. F., Foppen, M., Vlaar, A. P.,
Müller, M. C. A., . . . van Es, N. (2020). Incidence of venous
thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Journal of
Thrombosis and Haemostasis, n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/jth.14888
Million, M., Lagier, J. C., Gautret, P., Colson, P., Fournier, P. E.,
Amrane, S., . . . Raoult, D. (2020). Full-length title: Early treatment
of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: A
retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France. Travel
Med Infect Dis , 101738. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738
Mittal, L., Zhang, L., Feng, R., & Werth, V. P. (2018). Antimalarial
drug toxicities in patients with cutaneous lupus and dermatomyositis: A
retrospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 78 (1), 100-106
e101. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.061
Mullard, A. (2018). Ebola outbreak prompts experimental drug rollout.Nat Rev Drug Discov, 17 (7), 460. doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.114
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020a). ANAKINRA.
Retrieved from https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/anakinra.html
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020b). SILTUXIMAB.
Retrieved from
https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/siltuximab.html#monitoringRequirements
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020c). TOCILIZUMAB.
Retrieved from https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/tocilizumab.html
Nayar, B., Singhal, A., Aggarwal, R., & Malhotra, N. (2003). Losartan
induced fetal toxicity. Indian J Pediatr, 70 (11), 923-924.
doi:10.1007/bf02730601
NHS. (2019). What if I take an extra contraceptive pill by accident?
Retrieved from
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/taken-extra-pill-by-accident/
Nishimoto, N., Miyasaka, N., Yamamoto, K., Kawai, S., Takeuchi, T., &
Azuma, J. (2009). Long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab, an
anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in monotherapy, in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis (the STREAM study): evidence of safety and efficacy
in a 5-year extension study. Ann Rheum Dis, 68 (10), 1580-1584.
doi:10.1136/ard.2008.092866
Nishio, H., Tsukamoto, T., Matsubara, T., Okada, Y., Takahashi, R., &
Yanagita, M. (2016). Thrombotic microangiopathy caused by interferon
β-1b for multiple sclerosis: a case report. CEN Case Rep, 5 (2),
179-183. doi:10.1007/s13730-016-0220-7
Ogu, C. C., & Maxa, J. L. (2000). Drug interactions due to cytochrome
P450. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 13 (4), 421-423.
doi:10.1080/08998280.2000.11927719
Ohkuma, S., & Poole, B. (1981). Cytoplasmic vacuolation of mouse
peritoneal macrophages and the uptake into lysosomes of weakly basic
substances. J Cell Biol, 90 (3), 656-664. doi:10.1083/jcb.90.3.656
Oldfield, V., & Plosker, G. L. (2006). Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of
its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs, 66 (9),
1275-1299. doi:10.2165/00003495-200666090-00012
Padron-Regalado, E. (2020). Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from Other
Coronavirus Strains. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 9 (2),
255-274. doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00300-x
Palacios, R., Vergara, S., Rivero, A., Aguilar, I., Macías, J., Camacho,
A., . . . Santos, J. (2006). Low incidence of severe liver events in HIV
patients with and without hepatitis C or B coinfection receiving
lopinavir/ritonavir. HIV Clin Trials, 7 (6), 319-323.
doi:10.1310/hct0706-319
Pavlicević, I., Kuzmanić, M., Rumboldt, M., & Rumboldt, Z. (2008).
Interaction between antihypertensives and NSAIDs in primary care: a
controlled trial. Can J Clin Pharmacol, 15 (3), e372-382.
Pawar, A., Desai, R. J., Solomon, D. H., Santiago Ortiz, A. J., Gale,
S., Bao, M., . . . Kim, S. C. (2019). Risk of serious infections in
tocilizumab versus other biologic drugs in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis: a multidatabase cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis, 78 (4),
456-464. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214367
Pepperrell, T., Pilkington, V., Owen, A., Wang, J., & Hill, A. M.
(2020). Review of safety and minimum pricing of nitazoxanide for
potential treatment of COVID-19. J Virus Erad, 6 (2), 52-60.
Pilkington, V., Pepperrell, T., & Hill, A. (2020). A review of the
safety of favipiravir - a potential treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic?J Virus Erad, 6 (2), 45-51.
PMDA. (2014). Report on the Deliberation Results . Retrieved from
https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000210319.pdf
Prevention, C. f. D. C. a. (2019). Contraceptive Use. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/contraceptive.htm
Qi, F., Qian, S., Zhang, S., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Single cell RNA
sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of
human coronaviruses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 526 (1), 135-140.
doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.044
Rajoli, R. K., Pertinez, H., Arshad, U., Box, H., Tatham, L., Curley,
P., . . . Owen, A. (2020). Dose prediction for repurposing nitazoxanide
in SARS-CoV-2 treatment or chemoprophylaxis. medRxiv ,
2020.2005.2001.20087130. doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.20087130
Rathi, S., Ish, P., Kalantri, A., & Kalantri, S. (2020).
Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for COVID-19 contacts in India. The
Lancet Infectious Diseases . doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30313-3
Rebecca, V. W., Nicastri, M. C., Fennelly, C., Chude, C. I.,
Barber-Rotenberg, J. S., Ronghe, A., . . . Amaravadi, R. K. (2019). PPT1
Promotes Tumor Growth and Is the Molecular Target of Chloroquine
Derivatives in Cancer. Cancer Discov, 9 (2), 220-229.
doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-0706
Richardson, P., Griffin, I., Tucker, C., Smith, D., Oechsle, O., Phelan,
A., & Stebbing, J. (2020). Baricitinib as potential treatment for
2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease. The Lancet, 395 (10223),
e30-e31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30304-4
Ripley, E., & Hirsch, A. (2010). Fifteen years of losartan: what have
we learned about losartan that can benefit chronic kidney disease
patients? Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis, 3 , 93-98.
doi:10.2147/ijnrd.s7038
Roche Pharma. (2013). SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS - Tocilizumab.
Rodriguez-Menchaca, A. A., Navarro-Polanco, R. A., Ferrer-Villada, T.,
Rupp, J., Sachse, F. B., Tristani-Firouzi, M., & Sanchez-Chapula, J. A.
(2008). The molecular basis of chloroquine block of the inward rectifier
Kir2.1 channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105 (4), 1364-1368.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0708153105
Ronco, C., Reis, T., & Husain-Syed, F. (2020). Management of acute
kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory
Medicine . doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30229-0
Russell, B., Moss, C., George, G., Santaolalla, A., Cope, A., Papa, S.,
& Van Hemelrijck, M. (2020). Associations between immune-suppressive
and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19—a systematic review of
current evidence. ecancermedicalscience, 14 , 1022.
doi:10.3332/ecancer.2020.1022
Sallard, E., Lescure, F. X., Yazdanpanah, Y., Mentre, F., &
Peiffer-Smadja, N. (2020). Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment
against COVID-19. Antiviral Res, 178 , 104791.
doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104791
Salvana, E. M., & Salata, R. A. (2009). Infectious complications
associated with monoclonal antibodies and related small molecules.Clin Microbiol Rev, 22 (2), 274-290, Table of Contents.
doi:10.1128/cmr.00040-08
Sangawa, H., Komeno, T., Nishikawa, H., Yoshida, A., Takahashi, K.,
Nomura, N., & Furuta, Y. (2013). Mechanism of Action of T-705 Ribosyl
Triphosphate against Influenza Virus RNA Polymerase. Antimicrobial
Agents and Chemotherapy, 57 (11), 5202-5208. doi:10.1128/aac.00649-13
Sanofi-Aventis. (2017). SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS - Sarilumab.
Sanofi-Aventis. (2017 ). ARALEN® - CHLOROQUINE PHOSPHATE, USP In.
Savarino, A., Boelaert, J. R., Cassone, A., Majori, G., & Cauda, R.
(2003). Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against
today’s diseases? Lancet Infect Dis, 3 (11), 722-727.
doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00806-5
Savarino, A., Lucia, M. B., Rastrelli, E., Rutella, S., Golotta, C.,
Morra, E., . . . Cauda, R. (2004). Anti-HIV effects of chloroquine:
inhibition of viral particle glycosylation and synergism with protease
inhibitors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 35 (3), 223-232.
doi:10.1097/00126334-200403010-00002
Schrezenmeier, E., & Dorner, T. (2020). Mechanisms of action of
hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology.Nat Rev Rheumatol, 16 (3), 155-166. doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x
Seguin, A., Galicier, L., Boutboul, D., Lemiale, V., & Azoulay, E.
(2016). Pulmonary Involvement in Patients With Hemophagocytic
Lymphohistiocytosis. Chest, 149 (5), 1294-1301.
doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.004
Shalhoub, S. (2020). Interferon beta-1b for COVID-19. The Lancet,
395 (10238), 1670-1671.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31101-6
Sheahan, T. P., Sims, A. C., Leist, S. R., Schafer, A., Won, J., Brown,
A. J., . . . Baric, R. S. (2020). Comparative therapeutic efficacy of
remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta
against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun, 11 (1), 222.
doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13940-6
Sheahan, T. P., Sims, A. C., Leist, S. R., Schäfer, A., Won, J., Brown,
A. J., . . . Baric, R. S. (2020). Comparative therapeutic efficacy of
remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta
against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun, 11 (1), 222.
doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13940-6
Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., . . .
Melino, G. (2020). COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune
responses. Cell Death & Differentiation .
doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
Sica, D. A., Gehr, T. W., & Ghosh, S. (2005). Clinical pharmacokinetics
of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet, 44 (8), 797-814.
doi:10.2165/00003088-200544080-00003
Siddiqi, H. K., & Mehra, M. R. (2020). COVID-19 illness in native and
immunosuppressed states: A clinical& therapeutic staging proposal.The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 39 (5), 405-407.
doi:10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012
Smolen, J. S., Beaulieu, A., Rubbert-Roth, A., Ramos-Remus, C.,
Rovensky, J., Alecock, E., . . . Alten, R. (2008). Effect of
interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled,
randomised trial. Lancet, 371 (9617), 987-997.
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60453-5
Smolen, J. S., Genovese, M. C., Takeuchi, T., Hyslop, D. L., Macias, W.
L., Rooney, T., . . . Winthrop, K. L. (2018). Safety Profile of
Baricitinib in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis with over 2
Years Median Time in Treatment. J Rheumatol , jrheum.171361.
doi:10.3899/jrheum.171361
Spiezia, L., Boscolo, A., Poletto, F., Cerruti, L., Tiberio, I.,
Campello, E., . . . Simioni, P. (2020). COVID-19-Related Severe
Hypercoagulability in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit for Acute
Respiratory Failure. Thromb Haemost (EFirst).
doi:10.1055/s-0040-1710018
Spinelli, F. R., Ceccarelli, F., Di Franco, M., & Conti, F. (2020). To
consider or not antimalarials as a prophylactic intervention in the
SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases,
79 (5), 666. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217367
Stebbing, J., Phelan, A., Griffin, I., Tucker, C., Oechsle, O., Smith,
D., & Richardson, P. (2020). COVID-19: combining antiviral and
anti-inflammatory treatments. The Lancet Infectious Diseases,
20 (4), 400-402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30132-8
Su, H., Yang, M., Wan, C., Yi, L.-X., Tang, F., Zhu, H.-Y., . . . Zhang,
C. (2020). Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of
patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney International .
doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003
Summers, L. (2020). Why your health may never be the same after
Covid-19. Retrieved from
Swedish Orphan Biovitrum Ltd. (2007). SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
- Kineret. In.
Synairgen plc. (2018). IFN-β (SNG001) in COPD. Retrieved from
https://www.synairgen.com/programmes/ifn-%CE%B2-in-copd/
Tanaka, Y., Wada, K., Takahashi, Y., Hagino, O., van Hoogstraten, H.,
Graham, N. M. H., & Kameda, H. (2019). Sarilumab plus methotrexate in
patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to
methotrexate: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled phase III
trial in Japan. Arthritis Res Ther, 21 (1), 79.
doi:10.1186/s13075-019-1856-4
Tang, W., Gao, Z, Han M, Wang Z, Chen J, Sun W, Wu, Y, Xiao, W, Liu, S,
Chen, E, Chen, W, Wang, X, Yang, J, Lin, J, Zhao, Q, Yan, Y, Xie, Z, Li,
D, Yang, Y, Liu, L, Qiu, J, Ning, G, Shi, G, Xie, Q. (2020).
Hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized,
controlled trial. medRxiv .
doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.10.20060558
Taylor, P. C., Weinblatt, M. E., Burmester, G. R., Rooney, T. P., Witt,
S., Walls, C. D., . . . Takeuchi, T. (2019). Cardiovascular Safety
During Treatment With Baricitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol, 71 (7), 1042-1055. doi:10.1002/art.40841
Tchesnokov, E. P., Feng, J. Y., Porter, D. P., & Gotte, M. (2019).
Mechanism of Inhibition of Ebola Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by
Remdesivir. Viruses, 11 (4). doi:10.3390/v11040326
Thiel, V., & Weber, F. (2008). Interferon and cytokine responses to
SARS-coronavirus infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 19 (2),
121-132. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.01.001
Tignanelli, C. J., Ingraham, N. E., Sparks, M. A., Reilkoff, R.,
Bezdicek, T., Benson, B., . . . Puskarich, M. A. (2020).
Antihypertensive drugs and risk of COVID-19? Lancet Respir Med,
8 (5), e30-e31. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30153-3
Tirado, S. M. C., & Yoon, K.-J. (2003). Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
of Virus Infection and Disease. Viral Immunology, 16 (1), 69-86.
doi:10.1089/088282403763635465
Torjesen, I. (2020). Covid-19: ibuprofen can be used for symptoms, says
UK agency, but reasons for change in advice are unclear. BMJ,
369 , m1555. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1555
Usai, C., Maestro, S., Camps, G., Olague, C., Suarez-Amaran, L., Vales,
A., . . . Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza, G. (2020). TNF-alpha inhibition
ameliorates HDV-induced liver damage in a mouse model of acute severe
infection. JHEP Rep, 2 (3), 100098.
doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100098
Varga, Z., Flammer, A. J., Steiger, P., Haberecker, M., Andermatt, R.,
Zinkernagel, A. S., . . . Moch, H. (2020). Endothelial cell infection
and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet, 395 (10234), 1417-1418.
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30937-5
Vennema, H., De Groot, R., Harbour, D., Dalderup, M., Gruffydd-Jones,
T., Horzinek, M., & Spaan, W. (1990). Early death after feline
infectious peritonitis virus challenge due to recombinant vaccinia virus
immunization. Journal of virology, 64 (3), 1407-1409.
Villegas, L., McGready, R., Htway, M., Paw, M. K., Pimanpanarak, M.,
Arunjerdja, R., . . . Nosten, F. (2007). Chloroquine prophylaxis against
vivax malaria in pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health, 12 (2), 209-218.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01778.x
Vincent, M. J., Bergeron, E., Benjannet, S., Erickson, B. R., Rollin, P.
E., Ksiazek, T. G., . . . Nichol, S. T. (2005). Chloroquine is a potent
inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J, 2 ,
69. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-2-69
Walker, O., Dawodu, A. H., Adeyokunnu, A. A., Salako, L. A., & Alvan,
G. (1983). Plasma chloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations in
children during and after chloroquine treatment for malaria. Br J
Clin Pharmacol, 16 (6), 701-705. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02244.x
Walther, E. U., & Hohlfeld, R. (1999). Multiple sclerosis. Side
effects of interferon beta therapy and their management, 53 (8),
1622-1622. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.8.1622
Warren, T. K., Jordan, R., Lo, M. K., Ray, A. S., Mackman, R. L.,
Soloveva, V., . . . Bavari, S. (2016). Therapeutic efficacy of the small
molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys. Nature,
531 (7594), 381-385. doi:10.1038/nature17180
Warren, T. K., Jordan, R., Lo, M. K., Ray, A. S., Mackman, R. L.,
Soloveva, V., . . . Bavari, S. (2016). Therapeutic efficacy of the small
molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys. Nature,
531 (7594), 381-385. doi:10.1038/nature17180
Weber, M. (1997). Clinical safety and tolerability of losartan.Clin Ther, 19 (4), 604-616; discussion 603.
doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(97)80086-0
Weinblatt, M. E., Kremer, J., Cush, J., Rigby, W., Teng, L. L.,
Devenport, J., . . . Genovese, M. C. (2013). Tocilizumab as monotherapy
or in combination with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic
drugs: twenty-four-week results of an open-label, clinical practice
study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 65 (3), 362-371.
doi:10.1002/acr.21847
World Health Organisation. (2018). Ad-hoc Expert Consultation on
clinical trials for Ebola Therapeutics. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/ebola/drc-2018/summaries-of-evidence-experimental-therapeutics.pdf?ua=1
World Health Organisation. (2020a). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Situation Report – 59. In.
World Health Organisation. (2020b). DRAFT landscape of COVID-19
candidate vaccines – 27 May 2020. In. Available from:
https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines:
World Health Organization.
Wu, D., Wu, T., Liu, Q., & Yang, Z. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak:
what we know. Int J Infect Dis . doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004
Wu, X., Li, Y., Peng, K., & Zhou, H. (2014). HIV protease inhibitors in
gut barrier dysfunction and liver injury. Curr Opin Pharmacol,
19 , 61-66. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.008
Yam, C., Fok, A., McLean, C., Butler, E., & Kempster, P. (2018).
035 Interferon beta induced thrombotic microangiopathy in multiple
sclerosis: a clinical-pathological report. Journal of Neurology,
Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 89 (6), A15-A15.
doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-ANZAN.34
Yang, B.-B., Baughman, S., & Sullivan, J. T. (2003). Pharmacokinetics
of anakinra in subjects with different levels of renal function.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 74 (1), 85-94.
doi:10.1016/s0009-9236(03)00094-8
Yang, L. P. H., & Keating, G. M. (2012). Ruxolitinib. Drugs,
72 (16), 2117-2127. doi:10.2165/11209340-000000000-00000
Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J., Liu, H., . . . Shang, Y.
(2020). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with
SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective,
observational study. Lancet Respir Med .
doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30079-5
Yao, X., Ye, F., Zhang, M., Cui, C., Huang, B., Niu, P., . . . Liu, D.
(2020). In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing
Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis .
doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237
Zhang, C., Shi, L., & Wang, F. S. (2020). Liver injury in COVID-19:
management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 5 (5),
428-430. doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30057-1
Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., & Huang, S. M. (2009). Scientific and regulatory
perspectives on metabolizing enzyme-transporter interplay and its role
in drug interactions: challenges in predicting drug interactions.Mol Pharm, 6 (6), 1766-1774. doi:10.1021/mp900132e
Zhao, Y., Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Ma, Y., & Zuo, W. (2020).
Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of
Wuhan 2019-nCov. bioRxiv , 2020.2001.2026.919985.
doi:10.1101/2020.01.26.919985
Zheng, Y. Y., Ma, Y. T., Zhang, J. Y., & Xie, X. (2020). COVID-19 and
the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol, 17 (5), 259-260.
doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5