Pharmacodynamic analysis
The individual PD parameters at steady-state were determined via
noncompartmental methods using Phoenix WinNonlin®software version 8.0 (Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA). The maximum serum
glucose level (Gmax) and two-hour postprandial blood
glucose (2-h PBG) were determined by observation. The area under the
glucose-time curve (AUGC) was determined using the linear trapezoidal
method. The maximum effect (Emax) and AUEC of insulin
were determined in the same manner.
The ΔGmax and ΔEmax were calculated by
subtracting the serum glucose and insulin level of at each timepoint in
baseline from the serum glucose and insulin level at the corresponding
timepoint, respectively. ΔAUGC and ΔAUEC were calculated by subtracting
the serum glucose and insulin level at each timepoint in baseline from
the serum glucose and insulin level at the corresponding timepoint using
the linear trapezoidal method, respectively.