Pharmacodynamic analysis
The individual PD parameters at steady-state were determined via noncompartmental methods using Phoenix WinNonlin®software version 8.0 (Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA). The maximum serum glucose level (Gmax) and two-hour postprandial blood glucose (2-h PBG) were determined by observation. The area under the glucose-time curve (AUGC) was determined using the linear trapezoidal method. The maximum effect (Emax) and AUEC of insulin were determined in the same manner.
The ΔGmax and ΔEmax were calculated by subtracting the serum glucose and insulin level of at each timepoint in baseline from the serum glucose and insulin level at the corresponding timepoint, respectively. ΔAUGC and ΔAUEC were calculated by subtracting the serum glucose and insulin level at each timepoint in baseline from the serum glucose and insulin level at the corresponding timepoint using the linear trapezoidal method, respectively.