Objective: To evaluate the effect of maternal sleep duration (MSD) on low birth weight infants (LBW), small for gestational age infants (SGA), and macrosomia. Design: Prospective cohort study Setting: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Population: Participants enrolled in JECS, with singleton pregnancies after 22 weeks, who gave birth between 2011 and 2014. Methods: Participants were categorized into five groups according to MSD during pregnancy: G1 (MSD <6.0 h), G2 (6.0–7.9 h), G3 (8.0–8.9 h), G4 (9.0–9.9 h), and G5 (10.0–12.0 h). Main outcome measures: The effect of MSD on the risk of LBW (<2,500 g and <1,500 g), SGA, and macrosomia (>4,000 g) with G2 as the reference, while adjusting for gestational excessive body weight gain (BWG). Analysis was also performed after stratification by gestational BWG. Results: We analyzed 82,171 participants. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of LBW <2,500 g in G4 and G5 and of SGA in G4 were 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-0.99), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76-0.99), and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82-0.99), respectively, before adjusting for excessive gestational BWG. No significant association was observed between MSD and these outcomes after adjusting for excessive gestational BWG. Among women with appropriate gestational BWG, the aORs of LBW <2,500 g and SGA in G4 were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80-0.97) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.78-0.97), respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that 9.0–9.9 h of MSD significantly decreased LBW <2,500 g and SGA in pregnant women with appropriate gestational BWG, relative to 6.0–7.9 h of MSD.