Preoperative
Preoperative procedures included optimizing the patient’s condition. Medically stable patients were released and readmitted electively. All blood thinners were withheld before operation: enoxaparin sodium for at least 24 hours, rivaroxaban and apixaban for at least 3 days, and antiplatelet drugs (clopidogrel and ticagrelor) for 5 to 7 days. Erythropoietin was administered if hematocrit was <30%, especially in patients with renal failure whose surgery could be scheduled electively.