Patient Characteristics
178 patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent VT ablation in our center from 2014 to 2019. Surgical access was finally used in 12 patients. Six patients were enrolled in present study who underwent direct epicardial ablation plus intramural ethanol injection via surgical approach. Baseline characteristics were listed in Table 1. All patients were refractory to at least 1 antiarrhythmic drug (AAD). 4 of 6 (67%) patients had previous ICD implantation. All of them experienced VT storm and multiple ICD shocks before surgical treatment.