Hypersensitivity reactions
Rare cases of pruritus, urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis were reported (161-163). The possible mechanisms can be both immunologic and non-immunologic, which seems to depend on the administration route and formulation (161). In some cases, DHRs have been attributed to the additives such as Castor oil (162), or Cremophor EL (163). SPTs and IDTs or basophil activation test (BAT) can be used for the diagnosis of cyclosporine- and additive-induced IgE-mediated IHRs (18,161,163).