Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the landscape of
head and neck surgical training. With dramatic shifts in patient care
being seen in nearly all geographic regions, a thoughtful and
comprehensive approach to head and neck surgical training is needed to
ensure proficiency of all graduates. Fortunately, due to the high
clinical volume offered by accredited institutions, as well as enhanced
educational experience provided through the standardized head and neck
surgery fellowship curriculum, current trainees appear well-positioned
to achieve expertise before entering practice. As the length of this
crisis extends, more opportunities to virtually or otherwise train our
fellows will emerge. We expect this to remain a fluid set of
recommendations, and the ATC and the CDMS of AHNS are prepared to remain
flexible and accommodating to meet the needs of our community.
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank JJ Jackman
(American Head & Neck Society) and Drs. Jeffrey Liu (Temple
University), Cheri-Ann Nathan (Louisiana State University, Shreveport),
Susan McCammon (University of Alabama), Kris Mosier (University of
Indiana), Alex Pearson (university of Chicago), and Elcin Zan (NYU
Langone Health), for their incredible support and contributions.
Bibliography:
Aloia, A., Mullhaupt, D., Chabbert, C. D., Eberhart, T.,
Fluckiger-Mangual, S., Vukolic, A., . . . Kovacs, W. J. (2019). A Fatty
Acid Oxidation-dependent Metabolic Shift Regulates the Adaptation of
BRAF-mutated Melanoma to MAPK Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res,
25 (22), 6852-6867. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0253
Aman Prasad, R. M. C., Karthik Rajasekaran. (2020). Head and neck
virtual medicine in a pandemic era: lessons from COVID-19.
doi:10.22541/au.158594434.45036618
Bur, A. M., Gomez, E. D., Newman, J. G., Weinstein, G. S., O’Malley, B.
W., Jr., Rassekh, C. H., & Kuchenbecker, K. J. (2017). Evaluation of
high-fidelity simulation as a training tool in transoral robotic
surgery. Laryngoscope, 127 (12), 2790-2795. doi:10.1002/lary.26733
Council, A. T. (2020). ATC program guidelines for Head and Neck
Fellowships. Retrieved from https://www.ahns.info/residentfellow
Deldar, K., Bahaadinbeigy, K., & Tara, S. M. (2016). Teleconsultation
and Clinical Decision Making: a Systematic Review. Acta Inform
Med, 24 (4), 286-292. doi:10.5455/aim.2016.24.286-292
Edmond, C. V., Jr. (2002). Impact of the endoscopic sinus surgical
simulator on operating room performance. Laryngoscope, 112 (7 Pt
1), 1148-1158. doi:10.1097/00005537-200207000-00002
Flin R., Y. S., Paterson-Brown S., Rowley D., Maran N. (2012). The
Non-technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) System Handbook V1. 2.[1.2].
Fried, M. P., Sadoughi, B., Gibber, M. J., Jacobs, J. B., Lebowitz, R.
A., Ross, D. A., . . . Schaefer, S. D. (2010). From virtual reality to
the operating room: the endoscopic sinus surgery simulator experiment.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 142 (2), 202-207.
doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.11.023
Javia, L., & Sardesai, M. G. (2017). Physical Models and Virtual
Reality Simulators in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am,
50 (5), 875-891. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2017.05.001
Larvin, M. (2009). E-learning in surgical education and training.ANZ J Surg, 79 (3), 133-137. doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04828.x
Magill, J. C., & Tolley, N. (2020). Non-technical Skills Simulation
Training. Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports, 8 (1), 106-110.
doi:10.1007/s40136-020-00269-8
Martinelli, S. M., Isaak, R. S., Schell, R. M., Mitchell, J. D., McEvoy,
M. D., & Chen, F. (2019). Learners and Luddites in the Twenty-first
Century: Bringing Evidence-based Education to Anesthesiology.Anesthesiology, 131 (4), 908-928. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002827
McCool, R. R., & Davies, L. (2018). Where Does Telemedicine Fit into
Otolaryngology? An Assessment of Telemedicine Eligibility among
Otolaryngology Diagnoses. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 158 (4),
641-644. doi:10.1177/0194599818757724
Moskowitz, H. S., & Hsueh, W. D. (2020). Integrative resident education
curriculum to adapt to the modern otolaryngology trainee.Laryngoscope, 130 (3), 615-621. doi:10.1002/lary.28069
Open Access Atlas of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Operative Surgery.
(2020). Retrieved from
http://www.entdev.uct.ac.za/guides/open-access-atlas-of-otolaryngology-head-neck-operative-surgery/
Rimmer, R. A., Christopher, V., Falck, A., de Azevedo Pribitkin, E.,
Curry, J. M., Luginbuhl, A. J., & Cognetti, D. M. (2018). Telemedicine
in otolaryngology outpatient setting-single Center Head and Neck Surgery
experience. Laryngoscope, 128 (9), 2072-2075.
doi:10.1002/lary.27123
Robertson, E. R., Hadi, M., Morgan, L. J., Pickering, S. P., Collins,
G., New, S., . . . Catchpole, K. C. (2014). Oxford NOTECHS II: a
modified theatre team non-technical skills scoring system. PLoS
One, 9 (3), e90320. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090320
Satterwhite, T., Son, J., Carey, J., Zeidler, K., Bari, S., Gurtner, G.,
. . . Lee, G. K. (2012). Microsurgery education in residency training:
validating an online curriculum. Ann Plast Surg, 68 (4), 410-414.
doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e31823b6a1a
Service, C. D. M. (2018). Goals & Objectives. AHNS National
Standardized Head & Neck Fellowship Curriculum. 1st. Retrieved from
https://www.ahns.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/AHNS-HeadNeck-Fellowship-Curriculum-6222018-hyperlinked.pdf
Sewell, C., Morris, D., Blevins, N. H., Dutta, S., Agrawal, S.,
Barbagli, F., & Salisbury, K. (2008). Providing metrics and performance
feedback in a surgical simulator. Comput Aided Surg, 13 (2),
63-81. doi:10.3109/10929080801957712
Shabli, S., Heuermann, K., Leffers, D., Kriesche, F., Abrams, N.,
Yilmaz, M., . . . Beule, A. (2019). [Survey on the need for an
e-learning-platform for ENT residents]. Laryngorhinootologie,
98 (12), 869-876. doi:10.1055/a-1025-2024
Silberthau, K. R., Chao, T. N., & Newman, J. G. (2020). Innovating
Surgical Education Using Video in the Otolaryngology Operating Room.JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2019.4862
Society, A. H. a. N. (2020). American Head & Neck Society. Retrieved
from https://www.ahns.info/about-ahns/
Tarpada, S. P., Hsueh, W. D., & Gibber, M. J. (2017). Resident and
student education in otolaryngology: A 10-year update on e-learning.Laryngoscope, 127 (7), E219-E224. doi:10.1002/lary.26320
Walliczek-Dworschak, U., Schmitt, M., Dworschak, P., Diogo, I., Ecke,
A., Mandapathil, M., . . . Guldner, C. (2017). The effect of different
training exercises on the performance outcome on the da Vinci Skills
Simulator. Surg Endosc, 31 (6), 2397-2405.
doi:10.1007/s00464-016-5240-z
Wiet, G. J., Stredney, D., Sessanna, D., Bryan, J. A., Welling, D. B.,
& Schmalbrock, P. (2002). Virtual temporal bone dissection: an
interactive surgical simulator. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,
127 (1), 79-83. doi:10.1067/mhn.2002.126588
Wu, K. Y., Kim, S., Fung, K., & Roth, K. (2018). Assessing nontechnical
skills in otolaryngology emergencies through simulation-based training.Laryngoscope, 128 (10), 2301-2306. doi:10.1002/lary.27174
Zhang, N., & Sumer, B. D. (2013). Transoral robotic surgery:
simulation-based standardized training. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg, 139 (11), 1111-1117. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2013.4720
Zhao, Y. C., Kennedy, G., Yukawa, K., Pyman, B., & O’Leary, S. (2011).
Can virtual reality simulator be used as a training aid to improve
cadaver temporal bone dissection? Results of a randomized blinded
control trial. Laryngoscope, 121 (4), 831-837.
doi:10.1002/lary.21287
Zirkle, M., Roberson, D. W., Leuwer, R., & Dubrowski, A. (2007). Using
a virtual reality temporal bone simulator to assess otolaryngology
trainees. Laryngoscope, 117 (2), 258-263.
doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000248246.09498.b4