3.1 Patients
This observational study enrolled 405 consecutive patients who underwent the initial AF ablation procedure at Kansai Rosai Hospital between Aug 2017 to Aug 2019. Patients in whom a voltage map was not obtained due to unstable cardiac rhythm and those whose 3D mapping was not the CARTO (CARTO®; Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) system were excluded. This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for the ablation and for participation in the study was obtained from all patients, and the protocol was approved by our institutional review board.