Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern
Canis origin story
Abstract
The evolutionary origins and hybridization patterns of Canis species in
North America has been hotly debated for the past 30 years.
Disentangling ancestry and timing of hybridization in Great Lakes
wolves, eastern Canadian wolves, red wolves, and eastern coyotes is most
often partitioned into a 2-species model that assigns all ancestry to
grey wolves and/or coyotes, and a 3-species model that includes a third,
North American evolved eastern wolf genome. The proposed models address
recent or sometimes late Holocene hybridization events but have largely
ignored Pleistocene era opportunities for hybridization that may have
impacted the current mixed genomes in eastern Canada and the United
States. Here, we re-analyze contemporary and ancient mitochondrial DNA
genomes with Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to more accurately estimate
divergence dates among lineages. We combine that with a review of the
literature on Late Pleistocene Canis distributions to illuminate
opportunities for ancient hybridization events between extinct Beringian
grey wolves (C. lupus) and extinct large wolf-like coyotes (C. latrans
orcutti) that we propose as a potentially unrecognized source of
introgressed genomic variation within contemporary Canis genomes. These
events speak to the potential origins of contemporary genomes and
provide a new perspective on Canis ancestry, but do not influence/negate
current conservation priorities of dwindling wolf populations with
unique genomic signatures and key ecologically critical roles.