Tests for introgression
The most supported ADMIXTURE result parsed six populations (K =
6; Fig. 3a): two within each marten species and two putative hybrids,
identified as independent populations. Although K6 exhibited the
greatest Δcv (Supplemental Information 9), we also examined alternative
values of K (Lawson et al. 2018; Supplemental Information 10) to
thoroughly characterize genetic structure in North AmericanMartes (Janes et al. 2017). A two-population model (K2)
splits M. caurina from M. americana , while K3 through K5
models identified additional intraspecific structure. Insular and
continental M. caurina populations were sorted under K4 and K6
models, while K7 distinguished each M. caurina sample as an
independent population (Supplementary Information 10-11). Under all
values of K, only two individuals were identified as admixed: KUI and
MTX. Negative F3 -statistics (Table 2) also consistently
identified these samples as hybrids between M. americana andM. caurina , while all other F3 results were positive or
insignificant (Supplemental Information 12-13). Consistent with
geography and a K3 ADMIXTURE model, F3 -statistics among
six populations found the KUI hybrid to be the result of admixture
between the insular populations of each species, while the continental
hybrid appears to be a combination of the continental populations of
each species (Table 2). Under K2 through K4 models, hybrid samples
contain near 50% genetic proportions corresponding to each species,
suggesting that these individuals may represent F1 hybrids or early
generational backcrosses (Supplemental Information 11). Consistent with
these results, hybrid-class simulations most supported the KUI hybrid
(empirical admixture proportions: 55% M. americana , 45%M. caurina ) as an F1 or 48-54% assignment to each species.
Empirical admixture proportions for the MTX hybrid (60% M.
americana , 40% M. caurina ) fall intermediate to simulated
admixture proportions for an F1 hybrid and a single generation
backcrossed with M. americana (73-76% assignment to the
backcrossed species, 22-26% assignment to the other parental species).
Results were identical for simulations on M. americana andM. caurina as ‘pure’ parental populations and when using insular
and continental populations of each species as parental populations,
indicating that both hybrids represent early generational stage crosses.
The MTX hybrid appears to be the result of a complex backcrossing
history between both species. R simulations based on Lavretsky et
al. (2016) also demonstrate the loss of a signature of introgression
after four generations of backcrossing into either species (Supplemental
Information 14).
Consistent with those backcross estimates, Treemix phylogeny
estimations rooted on M. zibellina placed both hybrids as
separate sister lineages to the M. americana clade and identified
the most likely gene flow event between MTX and an M. caurinaancestor, followed by a migration event between KUI and M.
caurina (Supplemental Information 15). Interestingly, the third most
likely migration event was estimated between the outgroup M.
zibellina and the KUI hybrid.
F4 statistics show the directionality and intensity of
backcrossing is similar across the two hybrids (Supplemental Information
16-17). KUI shares more genetic overlap with insular M. caurinacompared to the continental clade and MTX has similar proportions of
insular and continental M. caurina alleles (Supplemental
Information 16-17). For tests across all individuals,AdmixtureGraph identified KUI as a mix between CHI and POW
(minimal error = 0) and MTX as a cross between ADM and the ancestor of
continental M. americana (Supplemental Information 18-20).
Interestingly, when considering only the populations identified byADMIXTURE , we identified both hybrids as a mix between the
continental populations of each species. However, there were notably
multiple clustered minimal-error estimates (Supplemental Information 20)
that we anticipate will be resolved with increased sample sizes. The
timing of admixture did not differ from the present (0) for either
hybrid (Supplemental Information 21).