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\begin{document}

\title{The Science of Tornadoes\\}


\author{Alberto Pepe}
\affil{Affiliation not available}

  
\author{Matteo Cantiello}
\affil{Affiliation not available}
  



\date{\today}

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\begin{quote}
\textbf{Watch this paper in real time at}
\href{http://authorea.com/nytm}{\textbf{authorea.com/nytm}}\\
\end{quote}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/tornadoes/tornadoes}

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\section{Introduction}\label{auto-label-section-828204}

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with
both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare
cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. They are often referred to as
twisters or cyclones, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology,
in a wider sense, to name any closed low pressure circulation. Tornadoes
often develop from a class of thunderstorms known as super cells.\\

\emph{Supercells contain mesocyclones}, an area of organized rotation a
few miles up in the atmosphere, usually 1--6 miles (2--10 km) across.
Most intense tornadoes (EF3 to EF5 on the~\emph{Enhanced Fujita Scale})
develop from supercells. In addition to tornadoes, \textbf{very heavy
rain}, frequent lightning, strong wind gusts, and hail are common in
such storms.\\\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/severe-tornado-prob/severe-tornado-prob}
\caption{{Probability of severe tornadoes. Source: NOAA ~ ~ ~ ~%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As the mesocyclone \textbf{lowers below the cloud base}, it begins to
take in cool, moist air from the downdraft region of the storm. This
convergence of warm air in the updraft, and this cool air, causes a
rotating wall cloud to form. The RFD also focuses the mesocyclone's
base, causing it to siphon air from a smaller and smaller area on the
ground. As the updraft intensifies, it creates an area of low pressure
at the surface. This pulls the focused mesocyclone down, in the form of
a visible condensation funnel. As the funnel descends, the RFD also
reaches the ground, creating a gust front that can cause severe damage a
good distance from the tornado. Usually, the funnel cloud begins causing
damage on the ground (becoming a tornado) within a few minutes of the
RFD \emph{reaching the ground}.\cite{26244881}\\\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/interactive-figure-1441842770702/static.png}
\caption{{Tornadoes 1950-2013. Source:~\url{https://examples.cartodb.com}%
}}
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\end{figure}

Text from Wikipedia (we only had 4 mins on stage ;)

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