Abbreviation
STZ=Streptozotocin, PA=Prunus amygdalus , LC-MS= Liquid
chromatography-mass spectroscopy, BGL=Blood Glucose Level, SGOT=serum
glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase, SGPT=serum glutamic pyruvic
transaminase, ALP=alkaline phosphatise, SOD=superoxide dismutase,
LPO=lipid peroxidation, CAT=catalase, GSH=glutathione, HDL=high-density
lipoprotein, TG=triglyceride, TC=total cholesterol, LDL=low-density
lipoprotein, VLDL=very low density lipoprotein, OGTT= oral glucose
tolerance test, DM= Diabetes mellitus, WHO= World Health Organization,
GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide-1, GIP=glucose-dependent insulinotropic
polypeptide, NAFLD=non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,ROS= reactive
oxygen species.
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) constitute various forms of metabolic disorders,
categorized via increase BGL with a reduction in the plasma insulin
level and serve as hyperglycemia condition that affects diverse organs
of the human body (Drouin et al., 2009). Nowadays, without any doubt, DM
has considered as the biggest global health and economic problem Present
with high obesity incidence, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing
day by day. 6% of global population is affected by it or by its
complications. Among total diabetic patient, 90-95% patient suffers
from the type II diabetes and rest from type I. According to WHO report,
366 million suffer from DM in 2011 and 422 million people suffer from
diabetes in 2014, the figures were quadrupled in 1980 (Shaw et al.,
2010; Ramachandran et al., 2012). The development of the DM incidence
occurs mainly in the middle-income countries. Based on the recent
review, the cost of the DM medicine approx US$ 827 billion, annually.
In the modern world, the choice of the treatment of DM is a synthetic
drug, but with the limitation of side effects in long-term treatment.
The treatment of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge
and dream. Health professionals have moved towards the herbal-based drug
therapy due to the more beneficial effect on the DM with fewer side
effects (Pannala et al., 2008; Kavishankar et al., 2011). According to
WHO, more than 150 plants have already been used for the treatment of DM
and the study of hypoglycaemic plants are under consideration. Indian
system of medicine is one of the richest medicinal systems in the world.
Consequently, there is still an urgent need for novel Indian medicinal
plant that can normalize the hyperglycemia and revolutionizes oxidative
stress for the preclusion of diabetes and its interconnected and hidden
complications (Bisht et al., 2010; Kavishankar et al., 2011).
Optimization of methanolic extraction of plant material has been widely
scrutinized on a variety of food materials such as dry seeds, plant
materials, and herbs. Generally, the most significant parameters are
extraction time, solvent concentration, temperature and powder mass to
methanol concentration. In particular extraction of antioxidant
principles from the plant materials has been shown to depend upon such
factors, but the interaction effects of these factors may depend on the
type of matrix and this has not been examined on Prunus amygdalus
Various researchers suggested the correlation between the oxidative
stress and hyperglycemia. During DM, increased BGL and generation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) via various pathways such as amplification
of advanced glycation products, protein kinase C activation,
dysregulation of redox equilibrium and overproduction of superoxides
have been well studied. The overproduction of superoxide anions that
start the production of hydroxyl radical via Haber Weiss reaction,
resulting in peroxidation of protein glycation and lipids membrane
inducing oxidative damage to cell membranes can be easily correlated to
above statement (Rolo and Palmeira, 2006; Giacco and Brownlee, 2010).
Various researchers have even targeted the incretin hormones for the
treatment of DM. According to them, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and
glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is the major hormone,
secreted by the intestinal cells. GLP-1 plays a significant role to
maintain the BGL via promoting the insulin secretion, β-cell masses,
reduction of glucagon secretion and altering the gastric emptying rate.
Researchers suggest that the GLP-1 have a short life about 1-2 min,
approximately. Conversely, GLP-1 is quickly metabolized via a DPP-IV
enzyme. Inhibition of DPP-IV maintains the level of endogenous GLP-1 and
prolongs its half-life. Now, the researchers have shifted their focus
and attention on the inhibition of DPP-IV for the treatment of DM
(Chyan, 2007; Seino et al., 2010).
The available treatment for the DM is not effective for the progression
of the disease and also it’s producing the various side effects. The
researchers focus on the alternative therapy for the treatment of DM due
to its specific action, low cost and easily available. Several
phytoconstituents/compound/plant extract/herbal formulations are already
in the market for the applications in the field of agriculture, human
disease and veterinary (Rubin, 2005). Prunus amygdalus(Amygdalaceae) commonly known as badam is widely cultivated in India,
America, Africa and other tropical countries. The whole plant is used
for treating the various diseases like AIDS, cancer to name few through
its etc (Pandey et al., 2017), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties (Sang et al., 2002). Therefore, due to the presence of
antioxidant phytoconstituents, we try to explore the anti-diabetic
potential of Prunus amygdalus in experimental rats.
Materials and methods