Expanded Objective Function
It is worth mentioning that the control variables are self-constrained.
Inequality constraints of the dependent variables containP G1, VL ,QG and Sl is added to the
objective function as a quadratic penalty terms [2]. The new
expanded objective function to be minimized becomes:
(22)
where λP , λV ,λQ and λS are defined as
penalty factors.
x lim is the limit value of the dependent
variable x and given as: