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\begin{document}
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\title{The Programming Model For Heterogeneous And Adaptive System Of Systems}



\author[1]{Muhammad Ashfaq}%
\author[2]{Ahmed R. Sadik}%
\author[1]{Tommi Mikkonen}%
\author[1]{Muhammad Waseem}%
\author[1]{Niko Mäkitalo}%
\affil[1]{University of Jyväskylä}%
\affil[2]{Honda Research Institute Europe}%


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  \date{April 30, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
As digital ecosystems evolve into increasingly complex networks,
harnessing their collective potential becomes paramount. This article
focuses on developing software for smart ecosystems by programming their
underlying System-of-Systems (SoS)---a domain ripe with opportunities
and challenges. We propose the Holon Programming Model (HPM), which adds
the programmability aspect to the holonic architecture of SoS and will
pave the way for more integrated and adaptable systems. Demonstrating
the HPM's utility, we show how developers can program diverse behaviours
and execute operations within the disaster management ecosystem, aiming
to inspire and motivate software developers to explore the potential of
SoS-level applications, which are fundamental for smart ecosystems.%
\end{abstract}%



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