Water-filled ditches: Surface expressions of dead crevasses that are not
connected to the bed
Abstract
The increasing ubiquity of high-resolution imagery has yielded many
observations of water-filled crevasses across the surfaces of glaciers
and ice sheets (e.g., Figure 1a). The subsurface character of these
features, however, is not apparent in imagery, nor can it be fully
elucidated even through field geophysics. Thus, what visible surface
water in crevasses indicates about englacial hydrology, including
whether there is a surface-to-bed connection, is currently subjective
and interpreted differently by different scientists. Application of a
physically based crevasse model to this problem shows that if a crevasse
visibly holds water, it likely does not connect to the bed. The crevasse
model incorporates depth-dependent visco-elastic deformation and
refreezing to evolve the size and shape of a water-filled crevasse over
hourly to decadal timescales (Figure 1b). Seasonally, visco-elastic
closure tends to form a neck at the water line of most crevasses. Over a
year or more, this neck can pinch off, isolating a pod of water that can
extend hundreds of meters beneath the surface. The area above the neck
persists as a 1–5 meter wide, 10–40 meter deep “ditch”: the surface
expression of a dead crevasse that no longer receives surface melt.
Accumulation of meltwater in these ditches is consistent with
observations; the model results show that the ditches are not
hydrologically connected to the crevasse or to the bed. These findings
are consistent with recent observational work by Chudley et al. (2020),
who concluded that visible water in crevasses sited in compressive
stress settings was not connected to the bed. Observations of sudden
drainage of these ditches show that reconnection to the englacial
system, and potentially the bed, must be possible. The smooth bathymetry
of the ditches, however, discourages formation of the starter crack
needed to reactivate these hydrofractures. Thus, an external forcing,
such as advection into a more-extensional stress setting, may be
required to drain them. Overall, model results suggest that these
water-filled ditches are shallow (<40 meters), overlie an
englacial pod of liquid water that is in the process of refreezing, and
are not connected to the bed.