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\begin{document}

\title{Milestone 01: The Everyday life in Public Space in Waterfront Areas}



\author[1]{Siqi Miao}%
\affil[1]{Politecnico di Milano}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{March 13, 2025}


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\section*{1. Keyword 1: Public Space}

{\label{146131}}\par\null

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{1.1 Scopes of ``Public
XXX''}{1.1 Scopes of Public XXX}}

{\label{242907}}

\subsubsection*{1.1.1 Public \& Publicness}

{\label{556701}}

To comprehend `public space', the critical fact is to clarify `public'
as well as to distinguish `public' and `privacy'. Since the late 1960s,
the `public' has been a subject of intense interest by philosophers,
sociologists, anthropologist, architects, political scientists,~and
urban planners. In general, Hannah Arendt, an American political
theorist, was deemed the first modern scholar researched the ``public''
in her book,~\emph{The Human Condition~}(1958). She provided human
beings are social or political animals, so that rationalized the term
``public'' in a~political~context, which as vital to the relationship
between the individual and reality. ``Public'' was defined in two
closely interrelated but not altogether identical phenomena dimensions,
publicity and common. The publicity means that which is seen, perceived
by everybody, moreover, common means which are ``assembles all of us
together'' in the world.

\begin{quote}
\emph{The term `public' (\ldots{}) means, first, that everything that
appears in public can be seen and heard by everybody and has the widest
possible publicity. For us, appearance -- something that is being seen
and heard by others as well as by ourselves -- constitutes reality
(\ldots{}) Second, the term ``public'' signifies the world itself
(\ldots{})This world, however, is not identical with the earth or with
nature, as the limited space for the movement of men and the general
condition of organic life (\ldots{}) To live together in the world means
essentially that a world of things is between those who have it in
common, as a table is located between those who sit around it
(\ldots{})~\cite{arendt1958human}: 5-9}
\end{quote}

\subsubsection*{1.1.2 Definitions of public
XXX}

{\label{677092}}

This document tried to distinguish ``public space'', ``public domain'',
``public realm'', ``public sphere'', ``public place'', however, after
listing main definitions (as table{\ref{906996}} (based
on Varna's works)) of them from other researchers,~ it is hard to give
accurate concepts.~ According to G. Varna, the concepts of public space
are both confusional and complicated, because of three causes:~

\begin{quote}
\emph{1. The use of a multitude of terms, sometimes as synonyms,
sometimes in relation to each other, such as public space, public place,
public realm, public sphere, public domain, to name the most common; }

\emph{2. The `umbrella term' quality of these concepts `public',
`space', `realm' etc. While a certain type of public place, such as a
street or a park will trigger similar images in the minds of different
people, terms such as `public space' or `public realm' have broader
meanings and more varied conceptualizations. This is due greatly to the
vast array of meanings that the word `space' carries and the overlapping
meanings of the word `public'; }

\emph{3. The lack of a clear definition of these terms; many writers do
not give a definition or their interpretation of the term at all, in a
surprising number of writings on the subject.}
\protect\hyperlink{2014}{(Varna 2014)} :19
\end{quote}

Furthermore, there is the fifth cause: some researchers didn't mention
the term of public space (or realm\ldots{}), creating new terms or
describing specific spaces which are certain public spaces. For
instance, the term ``third place'', produced by Oldenburg.
R~\cite{RefWorks:doc:5ab380a3e4b003f4468c7976}, where people exchange their mind, and engaging
social life is similar to public space; the term ``open space'' of
Lynch~\cite{lynch1984good}, are areas left totally~publicly accessible,
such as a piazza, plaza, park, and courtyard.

Although the series of terms of public space are ambiguous, some aspects
have got consensus.

The conception of public sphere origin from agrora in Hellenistic age,
provided by J\selectlanguage{ngerman}ürgen Habermas~\cite{Habermas1962}, a famous German
sociologist and philosopher, a realm which describes a kind of
non-coercive, non-physical, secular and rational space, i.e. café bar in
Paris in 18th century. He addressed public sphere in a political
context, which is intimately linked with democracy. Thus, the conception
by the public sphere should be a realm of common social life, which
provide common with an opportunity to engage in political participation
through discussion, forming opinions, and building consensus.Generally,
t\emph{he term ``public sphere'' is frequently used in political and
economic context (i.e.~ Arendt (1958); Fischer (1981); Habermas (1964,
1974); Hohendahl (1964, 1974); Ketcham (1987)),
b\emph{\emph{\emph{esides, that term nearly~synonymous with~}``public
realm'' and~} ``public domain''~\cite{madanipour2003public}, but those two terms
are carried~ in a wider discipline,~ could be used in sociology and
urban studies, i.e.~\emph{``six domains of urbanity'' (\emph{Alexander
(1963)~}),~}which ``\emph{is not only used to refer to the physical
places in the city, but also has a broader political and philosophical
meaning.}''~\cite{hajer2001search}:11. The rest two terms} -\emph{~``public
space'' and ``public place''- \emph{~associated with physical built
environment and~ material world , are more~\emph{equently} cited in
urban and architecture context.~}}}

However, some researcher suggested that the term ``public space''
includes more notions. As M.Carmona wrote,~``\emph{merely the physical
public space, it is more than just a physical setting -- it is also the
activity happening within the container\ldots{} The public realm has
`physical' (i.e. space) and`social' (i.e. activity) dimensions. Public
space is an integral part of the public realm.}''~\cite{carmona2012public}:27,
materiality and sociality recognized by twofold attributes of public
space, consequently, the concept of ``public space'' of most prior
researchers could be classified roughly into two categories, public
space which deemed as a material place, otherwise, as a container of
social activities.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\tiny\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CCCCC}
Author(s) & Title of work and year of publication & Year of publication & Term & Definitions \\
Hannah Arendt & The Human Condition & 1958 & public domain; public sphere & The term 'public' (...) means, first, that everything that appears in public can be seen and heard by everybody and has the widest possible publicity. For us, appearance -- something that is being seen and heard by others as well as by ourselves -- constitutes reality. (1958: 5)  \\
Jurgen Habermas  & The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere & 1962 &  Public Sphere & can best be described as a network of communicating information and points of view [...]; the streams of communication are, in the process, filtered and synthesized in such a way that they coalesce into bundles of topically specified public opinions. Like the lifeworld as a whole, so, too, the public sphere is reproduced through communica- tive action, for which mastery of a natural language suffices; it is tailored to the general comprehensibility of everyday communicative practice.  (1996a: 360) \\
Scruton, R. & The Public Interest (1984) & 1984 & Public space & A space is made public by the nature of its boundary. It is a space into which anyone may enter, and from which anyone may depart, without the consent of strangers, and without any declaration -- however tacit -- of a justifying purpose. The boundary which creates a public space is both permeable and open to our public uses. (1984: 15) \\
Jackson, J.B. & \emph{The American Public Space (1984)}
 & 1984 & Public space; public place & A public place is commonly defined as a place (or space) created and maintained by public authority, accessible to all citizens for their use and enjoyment. This tells us nothing about the different ways in which we use and enjoy them, nor about the different types of public involved (...) When we include among the newer public spaces the parking lot, the trash disposal area, and the highway, it is evident that the public is being well provided for, not only as far as places for enjoyment are concerned, but for their use as well. (1984: 277) \\
Carr \emph{et al}.
 & Public Space (1992) & 1992 & Public space & We see public space as the common ground where people carry out the functional and ritual activities that bind a community, whether in the normal routines of daily life or in periodic festivities. (1992: xi)
There are three primary values that guide the development of our perspective: We believe that public places should be responsive, democratic and meaningful. (1992: 19) \\
Tibbalds, F. & Making People Friendly Towns (1992) & 1992 & public environment; Public realm; Public place & The public realm is... It is where the greatest amount of human contact and interaction takes place. It is all the parts of the urban fabric to which the public have physical and visual access. Thus, it extends from the streets, parks and squares of a town or city into the buildings, which enclose and line them. (1992: 1)
Public places within a town belong to the people of that town -- they do not belong to developers or investors, the police or traffic wardens. Their nature will be influenced by their scale, shape and size; the ways in which they are related one to another; the uses and activities, which they contain, and the way in which traffic of all kinds is handled. (1992: 14) \\
Zukin, S. & The Cultures of Cities (1995) & 1995 & Public space; public culture & Public spaces are important because they are places where strangers mingle freely. But they are also important because they continually negotiate the boundaries and markers of human society. As both site and sight, meeting place and social staging ground, public spaces enable us to conceptualize and represent the city -- to make an ideology of its receptivity to strangers, tolerance of difference, and opportunities to enter a fully socialized life, both civic and commercial. (1995: 8)
Many social critics have begun to write about new public spaces formed by the 'transactional space' of telecommunications and computer technology, but my interest in this book is in public spaces as places that are physically there, as geographical and symbolic centres, as points of assembly where strangers mingle. (1995: 45)
Public spaces are the primary site of public culture; they are a window into the city's soul. As a sight, moreover, public spaces are an important means of framing a vision of social life in the city, a vision both for those who live there, and interact in urban public spaces every day, and for the tourists, commuters, and wealthy folks who are free to flee the city's needy embrace. (1995: 259)
... urban public spaces are closely watched for they are crucibles of national identity. The defining characteristics of urban public space -- proximity, diversity, and accessibility -- send the appropriate signals for a national identity that will be more multicultural, and more socially diverse, in the years to come. (1995: 262) \\
Gehl, J. & \emph{Life Between Buildings. Using Public Space (1996)}
 & 1996 & Public space & ... precisely the presence of other people, activities, events, inspiration, and stimulation comprise one of the most important qualities of public spaces altogether. (1996: 15) \\
Lofland, L. & \emph{The Public Realm: Exploring the City's Quintessential Social
Territory (1998)}
 & 1998 & Public realm; Public space & The public realm is constituted of those areas of urban settlements in which individuals in copresence tend to be personally unknown or only categorically known to one another. Put differently, the public realm is made up of those spaces in a city which tend to be inhabited by persons who are strangers to one another or who 'know' one another only in terms of occupational or other nonpersonal identity categories. (1998: 9)
The term 'public space' covers a diversity of legal connections between the public and the space. (1998: 8) \\
Gehl, J. ; Gemz\selectlanguage{romanian}ǿe, L. & New City Spaces (1999) & 1999 & Public space & Although the pattern of usage has varied in the course of history, despite differences, subtle and otherwise, public space has always served as meeting place, marketplace and traffic space. (1999: 10) \\
Oldenburg. R & The Great Good Place: Cafes, coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons and the Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community & 1999 & "third place"  & ... great variety of public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work.  (1999:16) \\
Low, S. & \emph{On the Plaza: the Politics of Public Space and Culture (2000)}
 & 2000 & Urban public place; Public space & Urban public places are expressions of human endeavours; artifacts of the social world are accommodated, communicated, and interpreted in the confines of this designed environment. (2000: 47)
What is significant, however, is that public spaces are important arenas for public discourse and expressions of discontent. (2000: 204) \\
Maarten A. Hajer; \selectlanguage{ngerman} Arnold Reijndorp & In Search Of New Public Domain & 2001 & public space; public domain & Public space is in essence a space that is freely acces- sible for everyone: public is the opposite of private. ...the term public domain is not only used to refer to the physical places in the city, but also has a broader political and philosophical meaning.(1113) \\
Mitchell, D. & \emph{The right to the city: social justice and the fight for public
space (2003)}
 & 2003 & Public space & Public space engenders fears, fears that derive from the sense of public space as uncontrolled space, as a space in which civilization is exceptionally fragile. (2003: 13)
In a world defined by private property, then, public space (as the space for representation) takes on exceptional importance. (...) The very act of representing one's group (or to some extent one's self ) to a larger public creates a space for representation. Representation both demands and creates space. (2003: 34) \\
Madanipour, A. & \emph{Public and Private Spaces of the City (2003)}
 & 2003 & Public space; public place; public sphere; public realm & I have used the term public space (and public place) to refer to that part of the physical environment, which is associated with public meanings and functions. The term public sphere (and public realm), however, has been used to refer to a much broader concept: the entire range of places, people and activities that constitute the public dimension of human social life. ... public space is a component part of the public sphere. (2003: 4)
Using the criteria of access, agency and interest, a space can be considered public if it is controlled by the public authorities, concerns the people as a whole, is open or available to them, and is used or shared by all the members of a community. (2003: 112) \\
Goodsell, C.T. & \emph{The Concept Of Public space and its Democratic Manifestations
(2003)}
 & 2003 & Public space & I propose a generic albeit specific definition of public space that draws on these disparate orientations but goes beyond each. My definition is a space -- time continuum for political discourse. By this phrase I mean the capacity for a connected and interactive human process of communicative experience. (...) The discourse is political in that it concerns the nature and future of the community and the public good. (2003: 370) \\
M.Carmona; St. Tiesdell ; T.Health; T. Oc  & Public Places - Urban Spaces  & 2003 & public realm; Public Space & ... merely the physical public space, it is more than just a physical setting -- it is also the activity happening within the container... The public realm has 'physical' (i.e. space) and 'social' (i.e. activity) dimensions. Public space is an integral part of the public realm. (2010: 257)  If people think it is a public space, then it is a public space. (2010:260) \\
Kohn, M. & \emph{Brave New Neighborhoods, The privatization of Public Space (2004)}
 & 2004 & Public space & My proposed definition of public space has three core components ownership, accessibility, and intersubjectivity. In everyday speech a public space usually refers to a place that is owned by the government, accessible to everyone without restriction and /or fosters communication and interaction. (2004: 11) \\
Brown, A. & \emph{Contested space: street trading, public space, and livelihoods in
developing cities (2006)}
 & 2006 & Urban public space & This book coins the phrase urban public space, which is used to mean all the physical space and social relations that determine the use of that space within the non-private realm of cities. 'Urban public space' includes formal squares, roads and streets, but also vacant land, verges and other 'edge-space'. It includes all space that has accepted communal access or use rights, whether in public, private, communal or unknown ownership; a common property resource, but one whose boundaries may change over time. (2006: 10) \\
Mensch, J. & Public Space (2007) & 2007 & Public space & 'Public space' is the space where individuals see and are seen by others as they engage in public affairs. It is, thus, the space of the town hall meeting, the legislative assembly or any of the other venues where public business is done. (2007: 31) \\
Staeheli, L. and Mitchell, D. & \emph{The People's Property? Power, Politics, and the Public (2008)}
 & 2008 & Public space; public property & Public space (...) is not the same as public property. Indeed, the quality of publicness
-- the publicness of space -- seems to consist of the relationships established between property (as both a thing and a set of relationships and rules) and the people who inhabit, use, and create property. (2008: 116)
...'public space' is a slippery, complicated and shifting kind of space. (2008: 117) \\
Carmona \emph{et al.}
 & \emph{Public space: the Management Dimension (2008)}
 & 2008 & Public space & Public space (broadly defined) relates to all those parts of the built and natural environment, public and private, internal and external, urban and rural, where the public have free, although not necessarily unrestricted access. It encompasses: all the streets, squares and other rights of way, whether predominantly in residential, commercial or community/civic uses; the open spaces and parks; the open
countryside, the 'public/private' spaces both internal and external where public access is welcomed -- if controlled -- such as private shopping centres or rail and bus stations; and the interiors of key public and civic buildings such as libraries, churches, or town halls. (2008: 4)
Public space (narrowly defined) relates to all those parts of the built and natural environment where the public has free access. It encompasses: all the streets, squares and other rights of way, whether predominantly in residential, commercial or community /civic uses; the open spaces and parks, and the 'public/private' spaces where public access is unrestricted (at least during daylight hours). It includes the interfaces with key internal and external and private spaces to which the public normally has free access. (2008: 4) \\
Orum, A. and Neal, Z. & \emph{Common Ground?: Readings and Reflections on Public Space (2010)}
 & 2010 & Public space & While there are many different ways to define public space, most agree that public space includes all areas that are open and accessible to all members of the public in a society, in principle through not necessarily in practice. (2010: 1) \\
Georgiana Varna  & Measuring Public Space: The Star Model  & 2014 & publicness; public space & ...publicness is not only a concept capable to be measured and analysed, but also a subjective construct. (2014:27) \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{Various~ definitions of public space and relative terms~ (Self-made)
{\label{906996}}%
}}
\end{table}\subsubsection*{1.1.3 The evolution of public space
research}

{\label{188555}}

The foundation of modern public space research was established in the
latest 1950s and the early~1960s by Arendt and Habermas, mentioned in
preceding part of the text. In the beginning of the research,
researchers paid attention to the politics~ issues, and the topic was
carried out by Jane Jacobs and William H Whyte from both sociology and
urban view, which are considered~ as the beginning of~ public space
research in architecture and urban fields. From the 1970s to 1990s, the
theory of public space developed from numerous~ disciplines, such as, in
sociology by Henri Lefebvre and Richard Sennett; in~geography by Edward
Relph. Meanwhile, Some architects and urban designers, Kevin Lynch, Lyn
Lofland, William H whyte and Ray Oldenburg, gave their own methodologies
and theoretical frame in public space. From 1990s to now,~ on the one
hand, a great number of researchers concentrated~ on specific cases
study and different aspects of public space, especially in regeneration
of former industry cities, such as Jen Gehl. on the other hand, the
theory of public space was complemented by a few of theorists, such as
Banerjee and Brown.~ The 2013 have witnessed a rapid development in the
variety high-tech methodologies, ICT, GIS, AI, etc., in public space
research, therefore, a new era of public space research~ is beginning.~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Public-spcae-Timline/Public-spcae-Timline}
\caption{{Timeline of~ evolution of public space research (Self-made)
{\label{574664}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{1.2 Positive public space
(principles)}

{\label{939080}}

Series of researchers gave definitions of~ positive public space or
successful public spaces:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Lynch (1965; 1979): access, control, and equity along with stimuli and
  social contact.~\cite{mehta2014evaluating}
\item
  William Whyte~\cite{whyte1980social}: location; social; the level of
  space; sitting.
\end{itemize}

\begin{quote}
~\emph{``public spaces should be in a good location (preferably on a
busy route and both physically and visually accessible); streets should
be part of the `social' space (cutting off a space from the street with
railings or walls will isolate it and reduce its use); the space should
be level or almost level with the pavement (spaces raised significantly
above or below the pavement were less used); there should be places to
sit -- both integral (e.g., steps, low walls, etc.) and explicit (e.g.,
benches, seats, etc.); moveable seats facilitated choice and the
opportunity to communicate character and~personality.}
\end{quote}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Jan Gehl\cite{gehl2011life}\cite{Gehl_2013}: ``12 Quality Criteria
  for Good Design of Public Space''.~
  (fig.{\ref{232104}})
\end{itemize}

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.91\columnwidth]{figures/-12-Quality-Criteria-for-Good-Design-of-Public-Spaces-by-Jan-Gehl/-12-Quality-Criteria-for-Good-Design-of-Public-Spaces-by-Jan-Gehl}
\caption{{~ ~``12 Quality Criteria for Good Design of Public Spaces'' by Jan Gehl
\protect\cite{Mehta2014} ~
{\label{232104}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\par\null

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Carr et al. \cite{carr1992public}: responsive; democratic; meaningful,
  comfort; relaxation; passive engagement with the environment; active
  engagement; discovery; display.
\end{itemize}

\begin{quote}
\emph{``\ldots{}conclude that five types of reason account for people's
needs in public spaces: comfort, relaxation, passive engagement with the
environment, active engagement, and discovery (the desire for
stimulation), and that anyone encounter with a place may satisfy more
than one purpose. They argue it is important to examine needs, not only
because they explain the use of places, but also because use is
important to success. Places that do not meet people's needs or that
serve no important functions for people will be underused and
unsuccessful.'' \cite{Carr1992}: 91--2}

\emph{``\ldots{}conclude that five types of reason account for people's
needs in public spaces: comfort, relaxation, passive engagement with the
environment, active engagement, and discovery (the desire for
stimulation), and that anyone encounter with a place may satisfy more
than one purpose. They argue it is important to examine needs, not only
because they explain the use of places, but also because use is
important to success. Places that do not meet people's needs or that
serve no important functions for people will be underused and
unsuccessful.'' \cite{Carr1992}: 91--2}
\end{quote}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Matthew Carmona~\cite{Carmona2008}: 212: clean; tidy; accessible;
  attractive; comfortable; vital viable; functional; distinctive; safe;
  secure; robust; green; unpolluted; fulfilling.
  (fig.{\ref{992980}})
\end{itemize}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Universal-positive-qualities-for-public-space-MC/Universal-positive-qualities-for-public-space-MC}
\caption{{Universal positive qualities for public space~\protect\cite{Carmona2008}
{\label{992980}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Mohadeseh~Mahmoudi\cite{Mahmoudi_2015} made a summary of the physical
  attributes which affect the design, quality and livability of urban
  spaces, which were identified through reviewing prominent literature
  between 1975 and 2012. (fig.{\ref{509799}})
\end{itemize}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/-Identified-physical-attributes-of-streetscapes--(Mohadeseh-Mahmoudi-2015)/Identified-physical-attributes-of-streetscapes}
\caption{{Identified physical attributes of streetscapes~\protect\cite{Mahmoudi2015}
{\label{509799}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~

\subsection*{1.3 Key Researchers}

{\label{456316}}

As the following picture shows, Matthew Carmona summarised
conceptualisations by key researchers of urban space design, which
related to public space. (fig.{\ref{300444}})\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/-Conceptualisations-of-urban-space-design(Matthew-Carmona)/-Conceptualisations-of-urban-space-design(Matthew-Carmona)}
\caption{{Conceptualisations of urban space design\protect\cite{Carmona2008}
{\label{300444}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}



\subsubsection*{1.3.1 Jane Jacobs}

{\label{416828}}

In her book~\emph{The Death and Life of Great American Cities} (1961),
she criticized the urban design of modernism seriously, which destroyed
neighborhood life. She interpreted how a city operated in such complex
organization, and indicated its weakness, losing vitality, and
disrupting stable social relationships.

She claimed that planning for a city needs to take place from a
street-level perspective, and endeavour to make the street and
neighborhood diversity, which is the result of a mixing function (mix
commercial and residential realm) and a mixing population (mix people
with different backgrounds) and mixing activities. Those mixed spaces
due to a balance both in time using and space using, consequently, ``eye
on strangers of street''; keep streets safe.

Jan Jacobs drew a terrible picture of the~60s' metropolis, and provided
a guideline for urban planners. However, she did not give a systematic
methodology and specific method helping urban planners solve those
issues. Besides, to realize her ideal urban, city should be compacted
and mixed, which against to theory of organic decentralisation. In fact,
the weakness of high density city leads to many issues, especially for
some Asian countries. It is crucial for us to find a balance between
those two theories for tackling this challenge.~

\par\null

\subsubsection*{~1.3.2 William H.Whyte}

{\label{561421}}

Whyte contributed the public life in urban space, researched on ``Street
Life Project'' in \emph{The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces} (1980)
through observing pedestrian behavior in public spaces, and using
time-lapse photography to chart their footprints as a measure to
evaluate city dynamics. He believed that facilities in public space
should prompt interaction of common; sitting space is a code for public
space; the design of urban public space should be bottom-up; direct
observation is a powerful methodology for researching public space.

Besides, Whyte also devoted to the relationship between politics and
social structures in public realm in~\emph{Street Corner Society
(1943)}, which contains detailed accounts of how local gangs were formed
and organized.

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.3.3 Jan Gehl}

{\label{369775}}

As William H. Whyte' research, Jan Gehl also devoted the public life in
public space on direct observation, and pay attention to what public
space could encourage positive activities from the angle of behavioral
psychology. In the book Life Between Buildings, it examined the
relationship between patterns of the utilization of space, specifically
outdoor activities, and the spatial properties of the physical
environment. And gave a systematic methodology and tools (12 Quality
Criteria for Good Design of Public Spaces (1974)) to observe and analyze
pedestrian behavior in public space (in book \emph{Public Life Studies
in Practice}).

He divided outdoor activities into three parts: necessary activities,
selective activities, and social activity, which could be a standard to
evaluate the quality of public space. He pointed out, human scale, and
interaction of space is the key of successful public space.

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.3.4. Ray Oldenburg}

{\label{341436}}

\begin{quote}
Ray Oldenburg argues here for the importance of ``third places'': those
public sites outside the home and the workplace. He believes that places
like bars and taverns, even coffee houses, furnish a space where people
can meet and converse, and thus expand their social and political
horizons. Such public spaces, he insists, can be inclusive and work
mainly through the social conversations in which people
engage.\cite{ground2009}
\end{quote}

\subsubsection*{1.3.5. M. P. Baumgartner}

{\label{301673}}

\begin{quote}
In one of the very few systematic studies of life in a modern American
suburb, M. P. Baumgartner observes the unique ways in which suburbanites
deal with one another in public. She observes that people rarely
encounter one another in public in the suburb as most use their
automobiles to get from one place to another. Also, there are very few
public spaces, like parks, and most people keep to themselves. Those
people who are strangers and are found on sidewalks in the suburb tend
to arouse suspicion, in part because so few people actually use the
sidewalks. All of this, she argues, tends to create a very thin veneer
of sociability, in which people maintain their distance from one
another.~\cite{ground2009}
\end{quote}

\subsubsection*{1.3.6 Elijah Anderson}

{\label{552059}}

\begin{quote}
In a classic examination of life in a Northeastern city, Elijah Anderson
writes about how people of diverse class backgrounds and race negotiate
the use of sidewalks and other public spaces. He observes that people
deal with issues of trust and fear as they share sidewalks with one
another, and that young black males often create the greatest fear among
pedestrians. People eventually acquire a certain wisdom and etiquette
about passing one another on sidewalks---rules that alert them to
possible situations of danger but that also enable them to engage in
their daily routines without a constant sense of
fear.~\cite{ground2009}
\end{quote}

\subsection*{~}

{\label{851181}}

\subsubsection*{1.3.7~VIKAS MEHTA}

{\label{421728}}

In the paper ``Evaluating Public Space''~\cite{Mehta2014}~, he
presented a new evaluation system of public space, called PSI (public
pace index), by using the definition of public space of~ Carr, et al and
the framework suggested by Gehl.~ He claimed the public space index
captures the pulse of a society's cultural and political attitudes. It
informs the citizens of the condition of equity, securitization and
individual and group rights in their local public realm, and ultimately
provides a glimpse into the state of their civil society. This paper
suggests a theoretical framework to evaluate public space: good public
space is accessible and open, is meaningful in its design and the
activities it supports, provides a sense of safety, physical and
environmental comfort and convenience, a sense of control, and sensory
pleasure.

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.3.8~G. Varna}

{\label{477170}}

In his book~\emph{Measure public space: the star
model}~\cite{2014}he provides a new model to evaluate the
publicness of public space for everyone.~By taking the reader through a
systematic and multi-disciplinary literature review it asks the
deceptively simple question: 'What is publicness?' It answers this by
first developing a new theoretical approach - 'The dual nature of public
space', and secondly a new analytical tool for measuring it - 'The~'The
Star Model of Publicness'.

\par\null

\subsection*{1.4 Bibliography}

\subsubsection*{1.4.1 Key papers (2014-2018)}

{\label{285076}}\par\null

\textbf{U. Dietrich \& N. Kengyel: What makes a public open space
liveable? (2016)}~\cite{Dietrich_2016}

This paper documents an investigation of identifying which specific
qualities create a successful urban space, using 12 Quality Criteria for
Good Design of Public Spaces by Jan Gehl as a starting point.

\par\null

\textbf{Drake L., Lawson L.J. Validating verdancy or vacancy? The
relationship of community gardens and vacant lands in the U.S.
(2014)~\cite{Drake_2014}}

Key words: Community gardens; Discourse; Genealogy; Urban gardening;
Urban space.

Objects: Greenspace in US.~ ~ ~

Aims: How the knowledge of community gardening as temporary has been
formed.~~~~~~~~~

Methodology:~ ~~~~ Interpretive frame of genealogy;~ Foucauldian
discourse analysis.~ ~ ~~

\par\null

\textbf{Ambrey C., Fleming C. Public Greenspace and Life Satisfaction in
Urban Australia (2014)~\cite{ambrey2014public}}~~~~~~~

Objects: Greenspace in Australia.~ ~ ~ ~

Aims: The influence of public greenspace on the life satisfaction of
residents of Australia's capital cities. ~~~~~~~~~~

Methodology:~ Estimate a model where life satisfaction is a function of
socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, spatial variables and the
extent of public greenspace.~~~~~

Results: ~1. A positive relationship is found between the percentage of
public greenspace in a resident's local area and their self-reported
life satisfaction; 2. the value of greenspace increases with population
density and that lone parents and the less educated benefit to a greater
extent from the provision of public greenspace than the general
population; 3. These results support existing evidence that public
greenspace is welfare enhancing for urban residents and adequate
allowance should be made for its provision when planning urban areas.~

\par\null

\textbf{Schindler S.~Producing and contesting the formal/informal
divide: Regulating street hawking in Delhi, India
(2014)~}~\cite{schindler2014producing}~~

Key words: Asia; Delhi; geography; governance; livelihoods; street
hawking; urban informality; urban politics; urbanization and developing
countries.~ ~ ~ ~ ~~

Objects: Indian streets.~~

Aims: How the boundary between formal/informal is produced and contested
both juridically and through everyday practices of enforcement and
evasion/subversion.~~~~~~~~~~

Results: 1. Urban informality cannot be normatively understood as space
in which the poor can flourish beyond the reach of the state, or as a
space; 2. While the boundary between `formal' and `informal' remains in
a state of flux and is often blurry, the contestations over the
definitions and delineation of these terms can have severe consequences
as regulatory regimes can be (re)envisioned and enforced; 3. `the state'
is not a singular entity with clearly defined objectives, but rather it
is fractured and comprises multiple interest groups with competing
goals.

\par\null

\textbf{Bodnar J.~~~ Reclaiming public space (2015)}~\cite{Bodnar_2015}

Key words: commercialisation; differentiation; privatisation; public
space; public sphere; variations~~~~~

Aims: literature review of public space~~~~~

\par\null

\textbf{Yung E.H.K., Conejos S., Chan E.H.W.~~~~ Social needs of the
elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal
(2016)}~\cite{Yung_2016}

Key words: Active aging; Hong Kong; Open space; Social needs; Urban
renewal~~~

Objects: Eight focus groups were conducted in elderly community centers
in two urban renewal districts in Hong Kong.~

Aims: 1. Identify whether the social needs of the elderly regarding the
use of public open spaces in urban renewal districts are addressed in
the standard planning and design guidelines which newly planned
development and districts are often based upon~~

Methodology:~1. Qualitative analysis; 2. Tool:~ NVivo ~~

Results: 1.~Elderly people consider `social and physical activities',
`community life facilities and services' and `social network', and a
`clean and pleasant environment' to be their most important needs.~ 2.
Planners and designers should take into consideration these criteria for
enhancing the social well-being of the elderly and active aging in
public open spaces in urban renewal. 3. Urban renewal districts are part
of the elderly's past living experiences and established social
networks, which is not the case in new developments and areas.~

\par\null

\textbf{Main K., Sandoval G.F.~~~~~~~~ Placemaking in a translocal
receiving community: The relevance of place to identity and agency
(2015)~}~~ \cite{Main_2014}

Key words:~Latino immigrants; place identity; public space; receiving
communities; translocal agency~~~

Objects: MacArthur Park (the centre of a Mexican and Central American
immigrant community in Los Angeles)~~~~~

Aims: Focused on the reshaping of local power dynamics, less attention
has been given to the spaces, themselves, and the qualities that
influence identity. ~~~~~~~

Methodology:~Case study ( in-depth interviews (38), semi- structured
interviews/surveys (180), site observations, and a review of published
and unpublished documents. Thirty-two in-depth, semi-structured
interviews (32), lasting 1--1.5 hours each).~~~~~

Results: 1. New `place identities' are influenced by the specific
physical, social, and cultural ele- ments of the park, as study
participants attempt to maintain identities influenced by important
places in their sending communities.~ 2.A park that has emotional
significance for participants, significance that leads to agency --
everyday and political practices -- to protect the park, sometimes in
the face of immense challenges.

\par\null

\textbf{Hampton K.N., Goulet L.S., Albanesius G. Change in the social
life of urban public spaces: The rise of mobile phones and women, and
the decline of aloneness over 30 years (2015)}~\cite{hampton2015change}

Key words: civic engagement; gender; mobile phones; public sphere;
social isolation~~~~~

Objects: The rise of mobile phones and women, and the decline of
aloneness over 30 years

Aims: Examines~ some argurement of mobile phone , female, and aloness.

Methodology:~This paper provides the results from a longitudinal study
of interaction patterns in pubic spaces that cover a 30-year period. It
analyses the behaviour and characteristics of 143,593 people in four
public spaces, based on the content of time-lapse films created in 1979
and 1980 and videos of the same spaces shot between 2008 and 2010. (data
from PPS)~~~~

Results: ~1. There is little evidence that people today spend more time
alone in public. On the contrary, group participation in public spaces
appears to have increased. 2.~Social mixing between men and women and
public participation by women has also increased. 3.~The most
significant change in public spaces over the past three decades has been
the decline of social isolation experienced by women. 4. The rate of
observed mobile phone use was relatively low and limited primarily to
use by people who were not with co-located companions, and when used in
the presence of a companion, mobile phone use suppresses opportunity for
public interaction only marginally.

\par\null

\textbf{Kallus R.~~~~~~~~ Citizenship in action: participatory urban
visualization in contested urban space (2016)~~}~\cite{Kallus_2016}~~~

Aims: ~1. The paper starts with a discussion of urban space and
citizenship, and explores the potential of urban visualisation and
participation. 2. Explains the context of Haifa, the ethno-nationally
contested city.~~~~~~~

Methodology:~ Case Study~~~~

Results: 1.~Participatory visualisation is a platform for discourse
among urban residents that offers an opportunity to share and exchange
ideas about the potential of the urban space. 2. Collaborative processes
are especially vital in contested urban arenas where discourse can
promote intercultural encounters between communities. 3. Visualisation
of the potential of urban sites could assist in turning passive and
bitter residents into engaged urban citizens.~ 4. Specifcation through
visualisation can ensure a shared vocabulary.~

\par\null

\textbf{Haas T., Olsson K.~~~~ Transmutation and reinvention of public
spaces through ideals of urban planning and design
(2014)}~~\cite{haas2014transmutation}~~~

Key words: public good; public space; urban planning and design;
urbanism paradigms~

Objects: Static and dynamic of transubstantiation in space and place~~~~

Aims: What public space is and in what sense it is a public good.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Results: 1. A public space could almost be any space in the urban
landscape, but is determined as being public through how and by whom it
is used. 2. his reflects the contemporary view that urban planning and
design is also a place-making activity and tradition, concerned with the
design of urban places as simultaneously physical/aesthetic entities and
behavioral-social settings.~ 3.~ We~need to find is a bold, fresh
vocabulary for interpreting and understanding the interconnected systems
and urban and social processes that shape our places.

\par\null

\textbf{Moulay A., Ujang N., Said I. Legibility of neighborhood parks as
a predicator for enhanced social interaction towards social
sustainability (2017)} \cite{Moulay_2017}

Key words: Legibility; Neighborhood park; Social interaction; Social
sustainability

Objects: ~The relationship between legibility attributes (clear
structure, visual obstacles, and accessibility) with social interaction
(park en- gagement and the intensity of contact) within neighborhood
parks.~~~~~~~

Aims: ~To confirm the extent to which legibility at- tributes predict
social interaction, surveys were conducted with 378 participants in the
neighborhoods of Putrajaya, Malaysia. ~~~~

Methodology:~Field observation ~~~

Results: ~1. Legibility of the neighborhood parks influences duration of
use, which in turn increases the potential for social interactions among
neighborhood residents. 2. The level of visual ob- struction was
strongly linked with the quality of the edges and distances between park
activities.

\par\null

\textbf{Mahmoudi M., Ahmad F., Abbasi B.~~ Livable streets: The effects
of physical problems on the quality and livability of Kuala Lumpur
streets (2015)~}\cite{Mahmoudi_2015}

Key words: Kuala Lumpur streetscape; Livability; Physical attributes;
Physical problems~~~

Objects: Heritage Zones of Kuala Lumpur City Center ~~~~~

Aims: ~~To understand whether the physical attributes of streetscapes
affect the liveability of Kuala Lumpur streets. ~~~~~~

Methodology: 1. Observation (photographs; field notes to collect the
qualitative data) to explore the streets' physical problems.~ 2.
Questionnaire survey (tended to uncover the users' view point towards
the identified problems and their impact on deterioration of streets'
livability). ~

Results: ~Gives some specific suggestions of its area.~

\par\null

\textbf{Heffernan E., Heffernan T., Pan W. The relationship between the
quality of active frontages and public perceptions of public spaces
(2014)~}~\cite{heffernan2014relationship}~~~~~~~~~

Key words: active frontage; design guidance; perceptions; public space;
urban design~~~~~

Objects: Frontages ~~~~

Aims: To improve the understanding of the relationship between the
quality of an active frontage and public perceptions of the public space
the frontage addresses.~~~~~~~~~

Methodology:~literature review; Online questionnaire survey.~ ~~

Results: 1. The quality of an active frontage can significantly affect
people's perceptions of a public space in terms of its safety, comfort,
sociability and liveliness. 2. Good-quality active frontages can
contribute to creating successful public spaces, which can help deliver
far-reaching benefits for towns and cities.~

\par\null

\textbf{Pereira V.B.~~~ Urban Distinctions: Class, Culture and
Sociability in the City of Porto (2018)}~~ \cite{pereira2018urban}

Key words: Bourdieu; class; culture; everyday life; local space;
Portugal; urban inequality~~~~~~~~~~~~

Objects: Porto.

Aims: ~Research dynamic relations between class and culture presented in
Bourdieu's Distinction to encompass urban space.~~~~~~~~~~~

Methodology:~Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA); Tool: SPAD.~ ~~

Results: It presents a detailed analysis of the formation and structure
of local social space and show its relevance for the study of the
(re)production of urban lifestyle.

\par\null

\selectlanguage{ngerman}\textbf{Martí P., Serrano-Estrada L., Nolasco-Cirugeda A.~~ Using
locative social media and urban cartographies to identify and locate
successful urban plazas (2017)~}~\cite{Mart__2017}~~~~~

Key words: ~~ Livable spaces; Plaza; Public space; Social networks;
Social spaces; Square~~~~~

Aims: A hypothesis: Locative social media networks as open sources of
data allow researchers and professionals to acknowledge .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Methodology:~The research methodology consisted of three main stages:
the first one being to select cities considered for an in-depth case
study, identified as historic in the province of Alicante; the second
stage involved the identification of preferred public spaces -- plazas
-- within each selected city through the use of data retrieved from the
social network Foursquare; and, finally, each of the selected plaza
locations are analyzed and compared in relation to the rest of the city
structure.~~~~~~

Results: This paper proposes a methodology to identify successful public
spaces -- plazas -- through the location-based social media network
Foursquare and to analyse their urban position using morphological and
historical cartographies.

\par\null

\textbf{Simões Aelbrecht P.~ `Fourth places': the contemporary public
settings for informal social interaction among strangers
(2016)}~\cite{Sim_es_Aelbrecht_2016} ~ ~ ~~

Objects: Informal public space/ society.~ ~ ~ ~~

Aims: To address this knowledge gap (``fourth space'') on the social
dimension of urban design. ~

Methodology:~Observations;~ ethnographic interviewing methods; spatial
analysis.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Results: It offered new insights in terms of methods and theories that
can expand our knowledge on the sociability of newly designed public and
semi-public spaces, which can help us to design more inclusive and
convivial urban spaces. However, as it was built upon a single case
study, it has obvious limitations. Therefore, in order to generalize or
contrast these findings further research is necessary with more case
studies in other cultural and social contexts with distinct planning and
design ideals.

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.4.2 Books}

{\label{757769}}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Massachusetts: The MIT
  Press.~
\item
  Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
\item
  Jacobs, J. (1992). The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
  Massachusetts: Vintage Books.
\item
  Crawford, J.C., \& Margaret, J.K.(eds.). (1999). Everyday Urbanism.
  New York: The Monacelli Press.
\item
  Allan, J.B. (1995). Great Streets. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  Piotrowski, A. (2001). Memory and Architecture. Discipline of
  Architecture. University of Minnesota Press.
\item
  Garreau, J. (1992). Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. England:
  Anchor.
\item
  Amos, R. (1982). The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal
  Communication Approach. Arizona: University of Arizona Press. Knox,
  P., \& Pinch, S. (2000). Urban Social Geography: An Introduction.
  London:
\item
  Pearson Rowe, C., \& Koetter, F. (1976). Collage City. MIT Press.
\item
  Li, H. (2016). The Meaning of Public Space: the Value and Design of
  Pulic Space in Modern Chinese Cities. China Architecture \& Building
  Press.
\item
  Hassenpflug, D. (2005). Into the Open City Space in China. Shanghai:
  Tongji Press.
\item
  Sternberg, E. M. (2009). Healing spaces: the science of place and
  well-being. Belknap Press.
\item
  Langdon, P. (2017). Within Walking Distance. Australia: Island Press.
\item
  Speck, J. (2013). Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One
  Step at a Time. New York: North Point Press.
\item
  Smith, E. A. T. (1993). Urban revisions: Current Projects for the
  Public Realm. Art in America.
\item
  Hack, G. (2009). Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practice.
  Washington: ICMA Press.
\item
  Appleton, J. (1999). Experience of Landscape. New York: John Wiley \&
  Sons.
\item
  Geoffrey, P.H. (1997). Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of
  Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century. Hoboken:
  Wiley-Blackwell.
\item
  Oliver, P. (1996). The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public
  History. URBAN DESIGN International.
\end{enumerate}

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.4.3 Websites:}

{\label{241539}}

\href{http://publicspace.org/}{http://publicspace.org}

\url{https://www.pps.org}

\href{http://gehlpeople.com/}{http://gehlpeople.com}

\url{https://unhabitat.org}

\href{http://urbact.eu/}{http://urbact.eu}

\href{http://www.cityspacearchitecture.org/}{http://www.cityspacearchitecture.org}

\href{http://www.biennalespaziopubblico.it/}{http://www.biennalespaziopubblico.it}

\url{https://gehlinstitute.org/}

\href{http://cyprusconferences.org/psuc2018/}{http://cyprusconferences.org/psuc2018}

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.4.4 Conference:}

{\label{781654}}

\href{http://cyprusconferences.org/psuc2018/}{http://cyprusconferences.org/psuc2018}

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.4.5 Journals:}

{\label{388281}}

Journal of Urban Design

Planning

Research in Urban Sociology

Cities

Planning

Urban Studies Environment and Planning

Journal of Architectural and

Planning

Research

European Urban and

Regional

Studies

Journal of Urban Affairs ~ ~

\par\null

\subsubsection*{1.4.6 Membership:}

{\label{226279}}

AESOP:~\href{http://www.aesop-planning.eu}{www.aesop-planning.eu}

~

\pagebreak

\section*{2. Key word 2: Waterfront~ ~ ~}

{\label{539901}}

Waterfront, by definition, is the edge of water~\cite{breen1994waterfronts}:10, a
special part~ of urban public space,~ therefore, avoiding needless
duplication,~in this section, it merely summarises the evolution of
modern waterfront, and list significant papers of (re)constucting
waterfront.

Comparing to normal public space waterfront present more cultural and
environmental~significance, as water and plants are valuable natural
elements in cities made of concrete and steel. Although artificial
structures in cities are constantly evolving, the main water systems and
the shape of it have lasted throughout history. Therefore, water sights
are the carriers for cities' culture, history and memories, i.e. great
histories cities~ always located near river and ocean.~

In Gelan's thesis, he cited Breen's view, which definited~~key traits of
the waterfront:

\begin{quote}
" It is a nurbanized area, a substantial space; Water and land are the
two important elements of waterfront; - It has fuzzy spatial boundaries,
which vary from place to place; A particular fabric of mixed land uses
characterizes this particular area of t he city; It accommodates the
interaction between the city and the water and the human settlement and
nature; The ``water'' can be a river, lake or sea. The waterfront area
can be a historical port area or an urban area for other uses adjacent
to water.~ "
\end{quote}

\par\null

\subsection*{2.1 The effects of water as a planning element in urban
area}

{\label{958063}}

Waterfront as a both nature and historical elements contains profound
meaning in urban, which makes urge effects in urban design.
O\selectlanguage{english}nen~\cite{onen2007examination}claimed waterfront brings existing environment in
a number of features in term of aesthetic and functional,
(fig.{\ref{307059}}). Based on his framework, the
physical function, the human behaviour, and the human sense are provided
by me (fig.{\ref{636024}}).

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Adapted-from-Onen-(2007),-the-effects-of-water-as-a-planning-element-in-urban-area/Adapted-from-Onen-(2007),-the-effects-of-water-as-a-planning-element-in-urban-area}
\caption{{The effects of water as a planning element in urban
space~\protect\cite{Onen2007}
{\label{307059}}{\label{307059}}%
}\selectlanguage{english}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Adapted-from-Onen-(2007),-the-effects-of-water-as-a-planning-element-in-urban-area1/The-effects-of-water-as-a-planning-element-in-urban-area}
\caption{{The effects of water as a planning element in urban area (Self-made)
{\label{636024}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{2.2 Urban waterfronts
categories}

{\label{682348}}

According to Wrenn et al. (1983), urban waterfronts have been
distinguished five categories to location with water. Explained below
the first two line symbolize coastal cities and the latter three line
symbolize inland ones~\cite{al2009public}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Urban area located on peninsula;
\item
  Urban area located on a bay;
\item
  Urban area located on banks of a river;
\item
  Urban area located on banks of intersecting rivers;
\item
  Urban area located on a large body of water.
\end{enumerate}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/WATERFRONT-CATEGORIES/WATERFRONT-CATEGORIES}
\caption{{Five categories to location with water (Self-made)
{\label{434501}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\par\null

\subsection*{2.3 The function of
Waterfront}

{\label{787770}}

The use of urban waterfronts are the topics of the work by Maxmilian
Wittmann~\cite{palackyevaluation}, who defined the basic functional uses of
waterfront areas into the following categories:

Transport (road transport, rail transport, walking and cycling); social
(linked with public facilities); function additional to housing and
housing itself; recreation; industrial use; junction; specific social
function. (fig.{\ref{103547}})

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/The-function-of-waterfront/The-function-of-waterfront}
\caption{{The function of waterfront (Self-made)
{\label{103547}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\par\null

\subsection*{2.4 The evolution of
waterfront}

{\label{787770}}

Waterfront as a essential element in pot-city, the evolution of the
relationship between waterfront and city follows the urban development.
J. Bird put forward a theory that examines and divides the evolution of
ports/waterfront into three periods: Setting, Expansion,~and
Specialisation.~\cite{Aldcroft_1963,Weigend_1964}. The specialisation means ports are
required to be specialised and build new structures. After the
specialisation and flourish of harbour, harbour may retreat, in the end,
the evolution of harbours would appear to end in a Banished-port type: a
port that has not isolated itself spontaneously from the city, but
rather been exiled by the society. \cite{van2010law} Brian Stewart
Hoyle gave a model of stepping in harbour area and the relationship
between harbour and city.

Based on Bird's view, I divided the evolution of waterfront to three
periods (fig.{\ref{537650}}).~ In pre-industrial
period, the waterfronts were the main economic and productive place for
commons living in cities, which kept a balance between economic
activities and people's daily life. However, the balance had been broken
until the industrial period.~ As the increasing of cargo handling
capacity and the development of railway system have been the
prerequisite of waterfront expansion, the transformation of ports from
the edge of cities to outside of cities, then isolated. After the post-
industrial period, the old-abandoned ports had increasingly regenerated,
and the~renaissance waterfronts have shifted to mixed uses areas.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.84\columnwidth]{figures/relationship-waterfront-land/relationship-waterfront-land}
\caption{{The relationship between waterfront and city~ (Self-made)
{\label{537650}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

According to Fisher~\cite{fisher2004remaking}, there are 5 phases of waterfront
development (fig.{\ref{238992}}):

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.84\columnwidth]{figures/typical-pattern-of-waterfront-development/typical-pattern-of-waterfront-development}
\caption{{Five phases of waterfront development
(\href{https://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_Types/waterfront.pdf}{https://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2\_OpenSpaceTypes/Open\_Space\_Types})
{\label{238992}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{2.5 Different typologies of urban waterfront
regeneration}

{\label{674056}}

Moretti \cite{moretti2008cities}gave 6 typologies of waterfront regeneration:\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\normalsize\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CC}
Types & Describe \\
New Urban Expansion  & The waterfront areas which is built all over again in available areas; and reclaimed old industrial or port areas.  \\
Waterfronts and Great Events  & The waterfront is establihed as a consequence of important temporary events in the waterfront area such as the Expos.  \\
New Urban Waterfront Itineraries  & The waterfront regeneration implies innovative consequences along the banks and in the surrounding areas.  \\
New Settlements Surrounding Waterfront & Settlements were established around a port.  \\
Reuse of Port Areas  & The waterfront areas which is regenerated former port areas.  \\
Flood Defence  & Some structures which is established for river flood defence can represent a new opportunity for city expansion and for the establishment of new urban uses.  \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{Different typologies of urban waterfront regeneration (Self-made based
on Moretti)
{\label{572862}}%
}}
\end{table}\subsection*{2.6 Bibliography}

{\label{124845}}

\subsubsection*{}

{\label{260619}}

\subsubsection*{\texorpdfstring{2.6.1 Key papers of~ certain projects
(table~{\ref{493041}})}{2.6.1 Key papers of~ certain projects (table~\ref{493041})}}

{\label{165087}}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\scriptsize\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CCCC}
Authors & Title & Year & Locations \\
Lehrer U., Laidley J. & Old mega-projects newly packaged? Waterfront redevelopment in Toronto & 2008 & Toronto \\
Novy J., Colomb C. & Struggling for the right to the (creative) city in berlin and hamburg: New urban social movements, new 'spaces of hope'? & 2013 & Hamburg \\
Hagerman C. & Shaping neighborhoods and nature: Urban political ecologies of urban waterfront transformations in Portland, Oregon & 2007 & Portland \\
Cybriwsky R. & Changing patterns of urban public space. Observations and assessments from the Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas & 1999 & New York; Tokyo \\
Jauhiainen J.S. & Waterfront Redevelopment and Urban Policy: The Case of Barcelona, Cardiff and Genoa & 1995 & Barcelona; Cardiff; Genoa \\
Bezmez D. & The politics of urban waterfront regeneration: The case of Hali\selectlanguage{ngerman}ç (the golden horn), Istanbul & 2008 & Hali\selectlanguage{ngerman}ç; Istanbul \\
Gunay Z., Dokmeci V. & Culture-led regeneration of Istanbul waterfront: Golden Horn Cultural Valley Project & 2012 & Golden Horn; Istanbul;  \\
Wakefield S. & Great expectations: Waterfront redevelopment and the Hamilton Harbour Waterfront Trail & 2007 & Hamilton Harbour  \\
Astiaso Garcia D., Cumo F., Pennacchia E., Sforzini V. & A sustainable requalification of bracciano lake waterfront in trevignano Romano & 2015 &  Romano \\
Szucs A. & Wind comfort in a public urban space-Case study within Dublin Docklands & 2013 & Dublin Docklands \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{Key papers of certain projects (Self-made)
{\label{493041}}%
}}
\end{table}\subsubsection*{2.6.2 Key Thesis}

{\label{502265}}\par\null

\textbf{Gelan, A. T. (2013). The Impact of Unplanned Urban Waterfront
Development on Lake.~}\cite{Gelan2013}

It focuses on those issues: what is the land use and land cover changes
observed on the waterfront of Lake Hawassa? What has been the approach
of master plans prepared for the city towards the lake and its impacts
on the lake? What has been the outlook of residents and other
stakeholders within the waterfront and their impact? What factors have
contributed to lack of concern to sustainable waterfront development?

\subsubsection*{2.6.3 Key books of
Waterfront}

{\label{765416}}\par\null

\textbf{Gastil, R. (2003). Beyond the Edge: New York's New
Waterfront.}~\cite{2003}

The book talks about current design proposals which are set against the
backdrop of the city's history, its public process, and its ecological
priorities and is informed by interviews with project architects and
other key players. Taking as points of reference the recent
reinvigoration cities with high-profile waterfronts, where designers,
landscape architects, and artists have been instrumental in creating
memorable buildings, parks, and spaces-Gastil proposes an approach to
the redevelopment of New York's waterfront that is as visionary as it is
pragmatic.~

\par\null

\textbf{Breen, A., \& Rigby, D. (1996). The New Waterfront: A Worldwide
Urban Success Story.} \cite{Hoyle_1997}

Focusing on large-scale waterfront renewal, the most dynamic area of
urban design today, this cutting-edge review of award-winning waterfront
designs explores the successful redevelopment of oceanfront, lakefront,
and riverfront in urban centers around the world.

\par\null

\textbf{Smith, H., \& Garcia Ferrari, M. S. (2012). Waterfront
Regeneration: Experiences in City-building.~\cite{smith2012waterfront}}

This book examines how more inclusive stakeholder involvement has been
attempted in the nine cities that took part in the European Union funded
Waterfront Communities Project. It focuses on analyzing the experience
of creating new public realms through city-building activities.

\par\null

\textbf{Boyer, C. (1996). The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical
Imagery and Architectural Entertainments.~\cite{boyer1996city} ~~}

It describes a series of different visual and mental models by which the
urban environment has been recognized, depicted, and planned. Boyer
identifies three major ``maps''. \textbf{Horst, H. A. (2006). Planning
the Past: Heritage Tourism and Post-Colonial Politics at Port
Royal.~\cite{waters2006planning}}

\par\null

It argues that the plans for Port Royal's heritage tourism development
represent a chronological record of historical revisionism, and the fact
that none of the plans has been realized reflects post-colonial social
processes and national ambivalence about piratical and naval history.
This interdisciplinary study will be valuable reading for students of
historiography, piracy, Caribbean history, Caribbean politics, and
heritage tourism.~

\par\null

\subsubsection*{2.6.4. Journals}

{\label{131020}}

Journal of Urban Design

Planning

Research in Urban Sociology

Cities

Planning

\textbf{\cite{Arendt1958}}

\pagebreak

\section*{3. Key word 3: Mantova}

{\label{804420}}

There are three key elements, constructing Mantova' s urban form, which
are water system, wall system, and the towers or churches architectures.
As De Maio written in~ \emph{Mantova: urban architecture and culture:}

\begin{quote}
\emph{The actual townscape had (and still does) a rather lower profile
punctuated by the bell towers of many churches. The town boundary
coincided with the island resulting from the land drainage and the
earthworks. It was made up of banks and hollows, in which the port docks
were located. Some of these were subsequently filled creating a more
compact edge to the town. The town walls, built and rebuilt through the
centuries, only achieved a significant height in the 18th century during
Austrian domination.} ~\emph{The great engineering works of dams and
bridges connecting the island town to the surrounding land, act on the
landscape like the threads of a spider's web stretching over the waters
anchoring Mantova to the Po Valley.~\cite{sara1997}}: 19~ ~ ~ ~~
\end{quote}

The following chapters would give a brief summary of those three key
elements.

\par\null

\subsection*{3.1 The water system of
Mantova}

{\label{597347}}

\subsubsection*{3.1.1 Summary}

{\label{736586}}

Mantova called as a city born on water, which was an island in the
Mincio in the course of original settlement of Mantova (about 2000 BC).
The river Mincio, the lakes, and the medieval canal called ``Rio'' are
indivisible parts of the Mantova traditions and of the local culture,
which were related to the establishment of Mantova. In the late 12th
century, the Mincio river was widened, and as a defensive system of
Mantova, surrounding the city on three sides lakes (originally four),
Lake Superior, Lake di Mezzo and Lake Inferior.
(fig.{\ref{125941}})

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/1575/1575}
\caption{\selectlanguage{ngerman}{Mantova (1575), veduta prospettica della città e dintorni, Franz
Hogenberg
{\label{125941}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{ngerman}

At the end of 12th century, in order to adapt to the growing population,
and to connect to the increasing demand of the city, the project of
reshaping Mincio river started. Between 1188 and 1190, an engineer
Alberto Pitentino from Bergamo reclaimed swampland, organizing a
defensive system for the city, which came to be completely surrounded by
four lakes: Superiore, di Mezzo, Inferiore, and Paiolo which mentioned
above paragraphs. In the meantime, he dug up an artificial canal Rio,
which connected the large basin upstream of the town (Lake Superior) and
Lake Inferior. The transformation, not only helped to establish a
definitive water system but also blueprinted the city expansion of
Mantova. (fig.{\ref{168817}})

In 1608, the Lock of Governolo designed by Pitentino was renovated and
completed with a navigation lock by a local engineer Gabriele Bertazzolo
(1609-1618). As the floods concerns and the city expansion limitation,
the lake Paiolo was consequently reclaimed (between 1750 and 1905),
allowing new real estate development.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Lakes,-bridges-and-canals-of-Mantova/Mantova-land-water}
\caption{{Mantova; bridges, lakes, and canals (Self-made)
{\label{168817}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection*{3.1.2 The 5 ports of Mantova in
history}

{\label{936598}}

There were many ports in the history of Mantova, and the following words
would introduce the most famous 5 ports,~ Porto del Portazzolo, Porto
delle Zeppetto, Porto dell' Ancona, Porto della Torre nuova, and Porto
Catena. According to Gabriele Bertazzolo's map in 1628
(fig.~{\ref{624119}}), those three ports existed
actively, however, of the original 5, only the Porto Catena
remains.(~\selectlanguage{ngerman}\href{http://https://mantovastoria.wordpress.com/category/storia-locale/}{5
curiosità su S.Anselmo, patrono di Mantova})\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Tu-Pian--1/Tu-Pian--1}
\caption{{Mantova (1628); 5 Ports (Self-made)
{\label{624119}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Today, Porto Catena's commercial function was substituted by other
public ports, such as Porto Valdaro. Although some researchers claimed
others ports were totally demolished by natural hazards and human
projects ( Giacomo Cecchin, 2016), an official statistics show some
small private docks, which serve recreation for tourism and locals,
lasting that memory. (fig.{\ref{422477}})

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Mantova-porti-2004/Mantova-porti-2004}
\caption{{Mantova; Ports ( data
from~\url{http://sit.provincia.mantova.it/ambiente.html}; 2004;
Self-made)
{\label{422477}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{3.2~The Wall of Mantova}

{\label{476107}}

The Mantova wall rings, built and rebuilt through the centuries,
witnessing the expansion of Mantova, which regarded as three successive
phases and have achieved a significant height in the 18th century during
Austrian domination. ~

\subsubsection*{3.2.1 The first wall ring}

{\label{165862}}

The first wall ring was established in the indefinite epoch, probably
around the year 11th century~\cite{1965}:31-37. The walls did not
surround the entire boundary of the urban center, by contrast, it
extended to the northwest along the axis of the current via Montanari,
to the south-west adjacent to the current Via Accademia. There are four
gates of first wall ring: Porta di San Pietro, Porta di San Damiano (or
the Trinit\selectlanguage{ngerman}à), Porta di Guglielmo, Porta del Vescovado.~

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/mantova-wall-I/I}
\caption{{Mantova; wall and gates (I) (Self-made)
{\label{459182}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Since the early of 12th century, engineer Alberto Pitentino started to
modify the Mincio river, due to the first urban expansion of Mantova.
Both urban function and urban water system changed, increasing urban
enlargement southwestward up to the artificial channel called Rio. The
first wall ring lost its function progressively and destroyed finally.

\par\null

\subsubsection*{3.2.2 The second wall ring}\label{the-second-wall-ring}

As the (fig.~{\ref{838950}}) shows, the expansion of
Mantova to the southwestward suburb, developed a new flexible urban
boundary by artificial canal Rio. Another three gates, Porta delle
Quattro Porte (nearby Piazza Cavallotti), Porta del Monticello (nearby
piazza martiri di Belfiore) and Porta dell'Ospedale (probably at the
entrance of the current via Pomponazzo), settled along the water
boundary.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\columnwidth]{figures/-The-city-expansion/-The-city-expansion}
\caption{{Mantova; city expansion (I-II)\protect\cite{morelli2014mantova}
{\label{838950}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Mantova--Gates-(I-II)/I-II}
\caption{{Mantova; wall and gates (I-II) (Self-made)
{\label{938852}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Until 1190, the second city wall ring was built, based on the shape of
cannel Rio and the former three gates, by Alberto Pitentino. There are
four new gates: Porta Leona (the former Porta delle Quattro Porte);
Porta del Monticello; Porta dell'Ospedale; and the new gate, Porta Nuova
(on the axis of Via Fratelli Bandiera).

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Mantova,Gates-(II)/II}
\caption{{Mantova; wall and gates (II) (Self-made)
{\label{638865}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As the (fig.~{\ref{125941}}) shows, before the 12th
century, Mantova in history was an island, separating from southward
rural islands, Te and Migliaretto, by a moat called Redevallo. After the
beginning of the~second period of Mantova, the main city connected to
those two new suburbs by bridges.

\subsubsection*{3.2.3 The Third wall ring}

{\label{635578}}

In the 15th century, for strengthening both the city and countryside
security of Mantova, Francesco I Gonzaga stated to erect the third wall
(finished in the~16th century), which embraced the whole island of
Mantova. The third wall ring (fig.{\ref{897562}}),
sprawled to the edge of Te and Migliaretto in the~south of town,~unlike
the first and the second wall ring, it constructed of several wall
towers and bulwarks. Also in the north of the island, adding towers in
the two bridges, Mills and San Giorgio, became gates of the~town. In the
third ring wall, the capacity of wall gates have reached up to 14 gates
(fig.{\ref{625445}}). So far, the urban form of Mantova
basically constituted.~

During the Renaissance, the city form have not changed a lot, Maio
called that period as an improvement of Mantova, namely, road widening,
land drainage, rebuilding floodwater canals, paving roads and making
good the squares. The only important change of the city form, was the
``Gonzaga axis'', lining with wealthy, well-proportioned houses.
(fig.{\ref{589767}})consisting of an existing street to
which symbolic importance and architectural confirmation, through a
series of supporting buildings, was conferred.~\cite{RefWorks:doc:5abd37a4e4b009ad5f9fb360}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.42\columnwidth]{figures/1111/1111}
\caption{{Mantova; ``Gonzaga axis''~\protect\cite{Maio1997}
{\label{589767}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/III/III}
\caption{{Mantova; wall and gates (III) (one gate have not~ be found) (Self-made)
{\label{625445}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Mantova--Wall-III-(1599)/Mantova--Wall-III-(1599)}
\caption{{Mantova; wall (III)
(\href{http://www.mantovafortezza.it/}{http://www.mantovafortezza.it})
{\label{897562}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection*{3.2.4 The demolish of wall~
rings}

{\label{382109}}

Until the middle of 18th century, the wall ring maintained the ordinary
enclosed wall system as the tradition of ~Europe. With degenerating of
the martial function and the merging of Italy, the city transformed
``openness'' as the~modern concept, consequently, the wall ring, as
a~defensive function, demolished gradually. Porta Pradella and the
entire southern section of the town wall was demolished between 1905 and
1940, leaving an area of avenues and gardens without~ particular
boundary.~

\par\null

\subsection*{3.3 The Architectures of
Mantova}\label{the-architectures-of-mantova}

The following picture (fig.{\ref{889723}}) shows key
architectures in Mantova.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Mantova-key-architectures/Mantova-key-architectures}
\caption{{Mantova;~ Key architectures~\protect\cite{RefWorks:doc:5abcedd9e4b03d53f0d16792}~
{\label{889723}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In~G, Bertazzolo's map (1628), it shows details of important
architectures, including towers (le torri), convents (i conventi),
churches (le chiese), subsequently, other publishers drawn specific maps
based on his map.~ i.e map of convents
(fig.~{\ref{244971}}); map of churches
(fig.~{\ref{372213}}).~

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/mantova-Conventi/mantova-Conventi}
\caption{{Mantova; convents;~
{\label{244971}}{\label{244971}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Mantova-church-1704/Mantova-church-1704}
\caption{{Mantova (1628); Churches (P, Mortier edited from Bertazzolo in 1704;
{\label{372213}}
\protect\cite{RefWorks:doc:5abd1d96e4b003f4468e2ee5})
{\label{372213}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\par\null

\subsection*{3.4 Bibliography~}\label{bibliography}

\section*{}\label{section}

\subsubsection*{3.4.1 Thesis:}\label{thesis}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Facchini, N.~(2005-06),~Nicol\selectlanguage{ngerman}ò Baschiera,~tesi di laurea, relatore A.
  Janovitz, correlatore L. Roncai, Politecnico di Milano, Facoltà di
  Architettura (architettura vecchio ordinamento).
\item
  MORELLI, S., EVANGELISTI, R., \& ZANOTTI, A. (2014). Mantova: nuove
  terme per la rinascita di Borgo San Giorgio.
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection*{3.4.2 Books:}\label{books}

Water system:

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Bonora Previdi, C.~(2009),~L'ufficiale ingegnere Nicolò Baschiera:
  ``fortificatore'', architetto e ingegnere idraulico, in Il sistema
  idroviario mantovano. Il ruolo di Mantova e del suo porto e il sistema
  idroviario diffuso del territorio,~a cura di I. Pagliari, Edizioni
  Diabasis, Provincia di Mantova, Mantova.
\item
  Bonora Previdi, C.~(2009),~Mantova e le difese imperiali. Architettura
  e ingegneri militari durante gli anni della prima amministrazione
  asburgica (1707-1797),~«Postumia», 20/1-2.
\item
  Bonora Previdi, C.~(2009),~Strutture e sistemi difensivi. La doppia
  testa di ponte sul Po presso Borgoforte, in Il sistema idroviario
  mantovano. Il ruolo di Mantova e del suo porto e il sistema idroviario
  diffuso del territorio,~a cura di I. Pagliari, Edizioni Diabasis,
  Provincia di Mantova, Mantova, pp. 111-125.
\item
  Cassi Ramelli, A.~(1977),~La diga-ponte di Valeggio sul
  Mincio,~«Civiltà Mantovana», a. XI, n. 63-64,~pp. 153-172.
\item
  Rodella, G.~(1987),~Imbarcazioni da trasporto fluviale. Costruttori a
  Mantova nel XV secolo. Indagine documentaria, in Il Po mantovano:
  storia, antropologia, ambiente,~San Benedetto Po, Studi di Cultura
  Materiale del Museo Civico Polironiano, pp. 51-63.
\item
  Bovi, F. (1964).~Mantova e il suo porto / flores bovi. Mantova:
  Mantova : Industria grafica L'artistica, 1964.
\item
  Chiesi, G. (1899).~La patria : Geografia dell'italia : Cenni storici,
  costumi, topografia, prodotti, industria, commercio, mari, fiumi,
  canali, strade, ponti, strade ferrate, porti, monumenti, dati
  statistici, popolazione, istruzione, bilanci provinciali e comunali,
  istituti di beneficenza, edifizi pubblici. 14: Provincie di cremona e
  mantova / per gustavo chiesi. Torino: Torino : Unione
  Tipografico-Editrice, 1899.
\item
  Sarzi, R. (2005).~Porto catena in mantova / romano sarzi. Mantova:
  Mantova : Sometti, 2005.
\item
  Bonora Previdi, C., \& Pagliari, I. (2009). In Bonora Previdi C.,
  Pagliari I. (Eds.),~Il sistema idroviario lombardo. 2!: Il sistema
  idroviario mantovano : Il ruolo di mantova e del suo porto e il
  sistema idroviario diffuso del territorio / a cura di irma pagliari ;
  testi di claudia bonora previdi \ldots{} et al.!. Reggio Emilia:
  Reggio Emilia : Diabasis, 2009{]}.
\end{enumerate}

History:

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Carpeggiani, P.~(1983),~Traccia per una storia urbana di Mantova dalle
  origini all'Ottocento, in Mantova. Materiali per la storia urbana
  dalle origini all'Ottocento,~a cura di P. Carpeggiani e I. Pagliari,
  Gianluigi Arcari Editore, Mantova, pp. 9-54.Torelli, P. (1953).~
\item
  Notizie storiche sullo sviluppo topografico e commerciale del porto
  catena di mantova, 1353-1953 : Tratte dai documenti dell'archivio
  storico gonzaga di mantova / pietro torelli. Mantova: Mantova : Tip.
  L'artistica, 1953.
\item
  Carpeggiani, P.~(1998),~Ingegneri a Mantova tra XVI e XVII secolo, in
  Giambattista Aleotti e gli ingegneri del Rinascimento,~a cura di A.
  Fiocca, Firenze, L. S. Olschki Editore, pp. 269-292.
\item
  Mantova~(2004). . Milano: Milano : Skira, 2004.
\item
  Italia Provveditorato agli studi Mantova Settore scuola museo,
  ambiente ANISA. (1983a).~La citta e il fiume : Appunti per una
  didattica della storia urbana di mantova / \textbackslash{}a cura del!
  provveditorato agli studi di mantova, settore scuola museo ambiente
  ANISA \ldots{} \textbackslash{}et al.!. Mantova: Mantova : Publi
  Paolini, stampa 1983.~ ~ ~ (Many pictures and maps in this book.)
\item
  Italia Provveditorato agli studi Mantova Settore scuola museo,
  ambiente ANISA. (1983b).~La città e il fiume: Appunti per una
  didattica della storia urbana di mantova / provveditorato agli studi
  di mantova, settore scuola museo ambiente (A.N.I.S.A.) \ldots{}
  \textbackslash{}et al.!. Mantova: Mantova : Publi-Paolini, 1983.
\item
  Bombi, G. (1992).~Mantova / testi di giorgio bombi{]}. Milano: Milano
  : Electa, c1992.
\end{enumerate}

City \& architecture:

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  \emph{Mantova: Casi e stati di degrado su segnalazione dei cittadini /
  istituto nazionale di architettura IN/ARCH, sezione regionale
  lombarda, sottosezione di mantova, presidio sulla qualita
  architettonica e urbana}~(1997). . \textbackslash{}Mantova: Mantova :
  s. n.{]}, 1997. -1 v. (senza paginazione).
\item
  Ferrari, D.~(2000),~La città fortificata. Mantova nelle mappe
  ottocentesche del Kriegsarchiv di Vienna,~Modena, Il Bulino.~ ~
  (History architecture with pictures and locations)
\item
  Ferrari, D.~(2002),~Materiali da costruzione e fortificazioni nel
  ducato di Mantova dal Cinquecento all'inizio del Settecento, in
  Argille ghiaie pietre e calci. Materiali da costruzione nella storia
  del territorio mantovano,~a cura di G. Scudo, L. Roncai, Mantova, Tre
  Lune Edizioni, pp. 9-15.
\item
  Adriano; Hashimshony De Maio. MantManova urban architecture and town
  culture. UNICOPLI, 1997.
\item
  Le mappe e i disegni dell'archivio gonzaga di mantova :
  Catalogo-inventario : Verona, giugno 1981 / archivio di stato di
  mantova(1981). . \textbackslash{}S. l: S. l. : s. n., 1981! (Verona :
  Cortella).
\item
  Piano territoriale paesistico regionale : Piano del paesaggio
  lombardo. quadro provinciale dei riferimenti conoscitivi. mantova /
  regione lombardia, assessorato all'urbanistica~(1998). . Milano:
  Milano : Regione Lombardia, 1998.
\item
  Suitner, G. (1987). In Montefiori M. (Ed.),~Mantova : L'architettura
  della città / gianna suitner, dino nicolini ; fotografie di maurizio
  montefiori. Milano: Milano : Marcos y Marcos, \textbackslash{}1987.
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection*{3.4.3 Papers:}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Semprebon, G., Mikaelyan, M., \& Fusari, D. (2017). Industrial
  heritage and landscape. The role of water in the architectural
  reactivation of the Burgo Paper Mill in Mantua.~\emph{UPLanD-Journal
  of Urban Planning, Landscape \& environmental Design},~\emph{2}(3),
  17-28.
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection*{3.4.4 Website:}

{\label{268289}}

\href{http://www.mantovafortezza.it/}{http://www.mantovafortezza.it}

\href{http://www.unesco.org/}{http://www.unesco.org}

\url{http://www.mantovasabbioneta-unesco.it/}

\url{http://www.parcodelmincio.it/iti.php}

\url{http://www.provincia.mantova.it/}

\url{http://sit.provincia.mantova.it/}

\url{http://sit.provincia.mantova.it/}

\url{http://www.geoportale.regione.lombardia.it/}

\href{http://www.opengeospatial.org/\#}{http://www.opengeospatial.org/}

\url{http://www.navigare.servizirl.it/porti/}

\url{http://www.portodimantova.it/}

\href{https://mantovastoria.wordpress.com/2016/09/18/mantova2016-5-porti-della-citta-vecchia-tra-ponti-catene-e-torri/}{https://mantovastoria.wordpress.com}

\url{http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/}

\url{http://www.studiopsicologiamantova.it/wp/tag/mantova/}

\href{http://www.mantova2016.it/storia/}{http://www.mantova2016.it/}

\href{http://www.icar.beniculturali.it/index.php?id=36}{http://www.icar.beniculturali.it}

\subsubsection*{}

{\label{237234}}

\subsubsection*{3.4.5 Key maps:}

{\label{962550}}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  F,Hogenberg, (1575)
\item
  G, Bertazzolo, (1628)
\item
  G. Raineri, (1831)
\end{enumerate}

\par\null

~

\pagebreak

\section*{4. Key word 4: Everyday Life}

{\label{546662}}\par\null

In 20th century, there were many kinds of philosophical schools and
philosophers: the phenomenology of E. Edmund Husserl, the linguistic
philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, the of existentialism of Martin
Heidegger, and the Western Marxism of Henry Lefebvre, etc. turning their
research interests to life world, consciously or unconsciously, which
promote the formation of various sorts of explicit or implicit critique
theory of everyday life.~

In sociology, everyday life has emerged in two ways. On the one hand,
among most theoreticians in the discipline, the properties of everyday
life have been taken for granted in abstract reasoning about the social.
On the other, everyday life is an object of research which has
increasingly come into its own with the postmodern turn in
sociology.\cite{Kalekin_Fishman_2013}

\subsection*{4.1 Definition of everyday
life}

{\label{806369}}

Lefebvre claimed the everyday life can be related to a form of
functionalism, namely, the everyday life of the city refers to the
relatively routine functioning of paces in the city\cite{lefebvre1991production},
to those patterns and routines that performatively emerge from their
regular usage. For Dempster, everyday life connects and coordinates
diverse activities, movements, and actions\cite{dempster2008choreography}. Also,
everyday life is deem as a kind of ``representations of
space''\cite{lefebvre1991production}, or ``micro-social
practices''\cite{Simpson_2011} in space.

\par\null

\subsection*{4.2 The traits of everyday
life}

{\label{802631}}

P. Sztompka presented seven traits of everyday life:\cite{Sztompka_2008}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Everyday life is the observable manifestation of social existence, and
  therefore it always includes relationships with other people.
\item
  Everyday life events are repeated and not unique. Sometimes they are
  even cyclical, rhythmic, turning into routines.
\item
  Everyday life assumes ritual, dramatized, stylized forms following
  certain un-reflexive, deeply internalized scripts.
\item
  Everyday life engages our body -- biological endowment, physical
  prowess, and emotions -- with all its strength and frailties,
  potential and limitations.
\item
  Everyday life is usually localized in space, it occurs at certain
  locations -- at home, in the street, in the church, on the athletic
  field -- and the character of the site significantly determines the
  character, style, form and content of social events.
\item
  Episodes of everyday life have a certain temporal duration -- they
  last longer or shorter in time.
\item
  Everyday life often flows un-reflexively, following habits and
  routines of which the actors are not fully aware.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection*{4.3 Key Researchers}

{\label{722722}}\par\null

\subsubsection*{4.3.1 Henri Lefebvre}

{\label{328160}}

Lefebvre, who began to look beyond space as a `container' for social
action and instead started to interpret space as a product and producer
of multiple forms of spatial practice: ``Space is permeated with social
relations; it is not only supported by social relations but it is also
producing and produced by social relations''~\cite{Lefebvre1991}: 286 .
He suggested that everything, not only objects but also living thinking
creatures, is calculated in everyday life, including sustenance,
clothing, furnishing, homes, neighbourhoods, environment \ldots{} He
called them `material culture'. From his statement, the everyday life
could be a kind of repetitive quotidian material process, with
``dramatic attitude'' and ``lyrical tone''.~\cite{Lefebvre_1971} Agnes
Heller defined `everyday life' as ``the aggregate of those individual
reproduction factors which, pari passu, make social reproduction
possible.'' (\cite{Heller_1987} In addition, ``everyday life always
takes place in and relates to the immediate environment of
person.''\cite{Heller_1987}~

At the end of Lefebvre's lifetime, he increasingly focused on the
senses, which is the key of space. He developed a concept of
rhythmanalysis with which he sought to examine the spatio-temporal
relationships between the body and space. His premise was that social
space is experi- enced (and constituted) first of all through the body:

\begin{quote}
"\emph{The whole of (social) space proceeds from the body, even though
it so metamorphoses the body that it may forget it altogether -- even
though it may separate itself so radically from the body as to kill it.
The genesis of a far away order can be accounted for only on the basis
of the order that is nearest to us, namely the order of the body. Within
the body itself, spatially considered, the successive levels constituted
by the senses (from the sense of smell to sight, treated as different
within a differentiated field) prefigure the layers of social space and
their inter- connections. The passive body (the senses) and the active
body (labour) converge in space. The analysis of rhythms must serve the
necessary and inevitable restoration of the total body.}"
\end{quote}

\cite{lefebvre1991critique}: 405

\subsubsection*{4.3.2 Michel de Certeau~}

{\label{323590}}

Michel de Certeau `s most well-known and influential work was the book-
The Practice of Everyday Life, which distinguished~the concepts of
strategy and tactics and links ``strategies'' with institutions and
structures of power who are the ``producers''. His work problematizes
power structures in the urban environment and provides a model which
emphasizes overlapping, heterogeneous layers of power in public spaces.
For Certeau `monumental spaces' or `dominated spaces' exert their power
through spatial strategies.~\cite{Degen_2012}

\subsection*{4.4 Bibliography:}

{\label{646798}}

\subsubsection*{}

{\label{927463}}

\subsubsection*{4.4.1 books}

{\label{927463}}\par\null

\textbf{Heller, A. (2015). Everyday Life. Oxford: Routledge.}

It analyses the interaction between the individual and the social, both
for the roots of everyday behaviour and for the means to change the
social fabric. Using an approach that combines Marx, Husserl, Heidegger
and Aristotle, Agnes Heller defines categories such as `group', `crowd',
`community', and deals with characteristics of everyday life such as
repetition, rules, norms, economics, habits, probability, imitation. She
also analyses everyday knowledge, and concludes by looking at the place
of personality in everyday life.

\textbf{Erving. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
Doubleday.}

This book explores the realm of human behavior in social situations and
the way that we appear to others. It uses the metaphor of theatrical
performance as a framework. Each person in everyday social intercourse
presents himself and his activity to others, and the discussions of
these social techniques offered here are based on detailed research and
observation of social customs in many regions.

\textbf{Lefebvre H. (1999). Everyday life in the Modern World. New York:
Harper \&Row Publishers.}

This book shows the degree to which our lived-in world and our sense of
it are shaped by decisions about which we know little and in which we do
not participate. He evaluates the achievements and shortcomings of
applying various philosophical perspectives such as Marxism and
Structuralism to everyday life, studies the impact of consumerism on
society, and looks at effects on society of linguistic phenomena and
various kinds of terrorism communicated through mass media.

\par\null

\textbf{Degen, M. M. (2008).~}\emph{\textbf{Sensing cities: regenerating
public life in Barcelona and Manchester}}\textbf{~(Vol. 24). Psychology
Press.}

The book explores how the increased stylization of cityscapes requires
an understanding of public life as a spatial-sensuous encounter. Degen
examines how power relations in public spaces are embedded in, exercised
and resisted through the sensuous geography of place. This sensory
paradigm is then applied to compare two emblematic regeneration
projects, namely el Raval in Barcelona and Castlefield in Manchester. By
combining detailed ethnographic analysis and interviews with those
involved in planning regeneration processes and those experiencing them,
the book argues that a changing sensuous landscape is crucial in
redefining people's social practices, attachments and experiences in
places. Focusing on two European cities at the forefront of urban
design, Barcelona, and Manchester, Degen draws on sociology, geography,
anthropology, cultural and architectural studies to provide a critical
account of the politics of publicness in the entrepreneurial city.

\textbf{Madanipour A.~~~ (2009). Public space and everyday life in urban
neighbourhoods~~\cite{Vaiou_2006}~~~~~~~}

It brings together case studies from urban neighbourhoods outside the
centre, particularly from low-and middle-income residential areas. Here
public spaces are intertwined with everyday life in the neighbourhood
and display the various gaps that exist between different perspectives
and groups, to the extent that these gaps may even lead to the setting
up of physical barriers. When the making of public space happens through
official channels, by public-or private-sector designers, the result
displays a gap in understanding between the abstract ideas of the
designer and the diverse patterns of life of the people. The solution
often lies in the participation of the people in the process of creating
the public space. The main public spaces in European cities are the
focus of much attention, whereas marginal public spaces, which are the
focus of Chapter 6, are places of neglect and decline. The concentration
of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups in limited spaces creates a sense
of entrapment. The social fragments that are placed next to each other
in deprived neighbourhoods, either by market forces or by public
planning, start to crack in the public places of these neighbourhoods.
On the one hand, intensive use of space by some groups excludes and
intimidates others. On the other hand, the limited amount of public
space is under threat of encroachment by other demands on a finite
resource. In these places of fragmentation and competition,
communication is often difficult, if not impossible, as different social
groups speak different languages, have different attitudes and have
different frameworks. A public space that allows this diversity to
become aware of itself through free expression can be a significant
asset for such a diverse population. Improving public places can improve
the actual conditions of life in these neighbourhoods, while injecting a
sense of hope and a better image in the eyes of residents and the
outside world. Although it is a key part of good governance, there is no
doubt that this should be put in perspective, as one among a number of
issues that need addressing.~~~~~~~

\par\null

\textbf{Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life,
London: Penguin.~}

It was the first book to treat face-to-face interaction as a subject of
sociological study, and provided the dramaturgical analysis approach.
Goffman believed that when an individual comes in contact with other
people, that individual will attempt to control or guide the impression
that others might make of him by changing or fixing his or her setting,
appearance and manner. At the same time, the person the individual is
interacting with is trying to form and obtain information about the
individual.~

\par\null

\textbf{Hutchison, R. (2011).~}\emph{\textbf{Everyday life in the
segmented city}}\textbf{. Emerald Group Publishing.}

This volume of Research in Urban Sociology is composed of a selection of
the papers presented at the conference Everyday Life in the Segmented
City held in July 2010, Florence. The conference gathered a multiplicity
of approaches and points of view dealing with issues of global
urbanization. Urbanization is a phenomenon inscribed into the
globalization process that has enormous consequences in the
transformation of urban space and the everyday life of citizens, and is
reflected also in the flourishing of an analytical discourse
increasingly transcending the boundaries of established urban
disciplines. The progressive extension of the urban domain beyond the
limits of the city and across diverse scales has its corollary in the
progressive segmentation of the urban dimension along multiple lines of
physical, social, economic, cultural and ethnic nature. This volume
focuses on the perspective of the everyday to analyze how practices and
policy can overcome the spin towards fragmentation and anomie, and
reinforce social cohesion for a more just and livable city, endorsing
the right to the city as presented by the seminal work of Henri
Lefebvre.

\subsubsection*{4.4.2 Papers \&~ thesis}

{\label{262420}}

Everyday life~ in urban public space

\textbf{Adhya, A. (2008).~}\emph{\textbf{The public realm as a place of
everyday urbanism: Learning from four college
towns}}\textbf{.~~\cite{adhya2008public}}

The research measures the everyday forms, everyday meanings, and
everyday functions of publicness with respect to people's experience.
There are three research objectives: to evaluate the relationship of the
urban spatial configuration to the experiences and understandings of
specific public places; to seek an understanding of different ways in
which people understand places; to highlight the range of activities
observed in different types of public places.

\par\null

\textbf{Jensen O.B.~~~ (2010). Negotiation in motion: Unpacking a
geography of mobility~~~~ \cite{Jensen_2010}}

Key words: ~~ everyday life; mobility; urban space~~~~~~~~~~

This article argues for an understanding of public transit spaces as
sites of multiple dynamic interactions. Much inspired by the approach of
Erving Goffman, the article explore a ``mobilized'' understanding of
some of his central concepts. The theoretical underpinning is the
development of concepts related to interaction, mobility, and transit
that focus on notions of the ``mobile with,'' ``negotiation in motion,''
``mobile sense making,'' and ``temporary congregations.'' The
theoretical approach aims at seeing public transit spaces as sites where
cars, pedestrians, mopeds, and bikes on a regular basis ``negotiate''
not only routes in and across the space but also express dynamic flows
of interaction in motion. The claim is that what seems like ordinary
urban movement patterns are more than this. By moving in the city among
buildings, objects, and people, one interacts with the ``environment,''
making sense of it and ultimately producing culture and identity.
Empirically, Nytorv square in Aalborg, Denmark, is mapped and analyzed
through recurrent field studies. The article aims at unpacking the
geography of mobility at the site of Nytorv by applying the two
perspectives of the ``river'' and the ``ballet'' to the mobile practices
of the site.

\textbf{Walks R.A.~~~~~ (2008). Urban form, everyday life, and ideology:
Support for privatization in three Toronto
neighbourhoods~~\cite{Walks_2008}~~~}

One of the trends marking neoliberalism and the attack on the welfare
state from the right is the move toward the privatization of public
services. Recent research in both the United States and Canada suggests
that residents of the suburbs of large urban regions are more likely to
vote for political parties on the right and to support neoliberal
policies such as privatization, while the opposite is true for
inner-city dwellers. However, the reasons why such a spatial division
should occur have received little academic attention. This paper seeks
to fill this gap in the literature by analyzing the relationship between
residential location, spatial factors, and attitudes toward
privatization, using survey data collected in the Toronto region.
Results suggest that the way urban space influences residents' daily
routines and personal experiences may then mediate their perception of
the uses of public services and the efficacy of government spending,
factors which are found to affect spatial disparities in support of and/
or in opposition to privatization. Thus, there is some evidence that
urban spatial form is important for understanding the geographic
unevenness of support for neoliberalism, and thus ultimately for the
production of ideology.

\textbf{Hodkinson S., Essen C.~~~~~~~~ (2015). Grounding accumulation by
dispossession in everyday life: The unjust geographies of urban
regeneration under the private finance initiative \cite{Hodkinson_2015}}

Key words: ~~ Accumulation by dispossession; Gentrification; Law of
place; Private Finance Initiative; Public housing; Urban
regeneration~~~~~~~~~~~

This paper aims to ground Harvey's (2003) top-down theory of
``accumulation by dispossession'' in the everyday lives of people and
places with specific focus on the role of law. It does this by drawing
upon the lived experiences of residents on a public housing estate in
England (UK) undergoing regeneration and gentrification through the
Private Finance Initiative (PFI). Design/methodology/approach -- Members
of the residents association on the Myatts Field North estate, London,
were engaged as action research partners, working with the researchers
to collect empirical data through surveys of their neighbours,
organizing community events and being formally interviewed themselves.
Their experiential knowledge was supplemented with an extensive review
of all associated policy, planning, legal and contractual documentation,
some of which was disclosed in response to requests made under the
Freedom of Information Act 2000. Findings -- Three specific forms of
place-based dispossession were identified: the loss of consumer rights,
the forcible acquisition of homes and the erasure of place identity
through the estate's rebranding. Layard's (2010) concept of the ``law of
place'' was shown to be broadly applicable in capturing how legal
frameworks assist in enacting accumulation by dispossession in people's
lives. Equally important is the ideological power of law as a discursive
practice that ultimately undermines resistance to apparent injustices.
Originality/value -- This paper develops Harvey's concept of
accumulation by dispossession in conversation with legal geography
scholarship. It shows -- via the Myatts Field North estate case study --
how PFI, as a mechanism of accumulation by dispossession in the
abstract, enacts dispossession in the concrete, assisted by the
place-making and ideological power of law.~

\textbf{Rolandsen U.M.H.~~~~ (2011). Leisure and power in urban China:
Everyday life in a Chinese city~~~~\cite{2011}~~}~

Leisure and Power in Urban China is the first comprehensive study of
leisure activities in a medium size Chinese city. Hitherto, studies of
Chinese leisure have focused on holidays, festivals and tourism. This,
however, is a study of the kinds of leisure that take place on regular
workdays in a local environment of Quanzhou city. In doing so, Leisure
and Power introduces leisure studies to China studies, and data from
China to the field of Leisure studies.Based on interviews with people
from all walks of life and case studies from bookshops, internet bars,
Karaoke parlours, streets and public squares, Rolandsen brings to
attention the importance of fun and socializing in the lives of Chinese
urbanites. Central to the study is the contrast between popular
practices and official discourse. Rolandsen provides in-depth analyses
of the moralist ``PRC leisure ethic'' so characteristic of official
Chinese publications and news media. Using examples from everyday life
as a contrast, this study demonstrates that official propaganda has but
little influence on how Chinese individuals lead their lives. Taking
leisure as a point of departure, this book describes the new kinds of
interaction between the local party-state and the population it seeks to
govern.This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Chinese
Studies, Leisure Studies, Urban Studies and Asian Studies in general.~

\textbf{Watson S.~~~~~~ (2015). Mundane objects in the city: Laundry
practices and the making and remaking of public/private sociality and
space in London and New York~~~}~ \cite{Watson_2014}

Key words: everyday life in the city; laundry; London; New York; public
realm; public space~~~~~~~~

The paper considers how shifting laundry practices and technologies
associated with dirty washing have over time summoned different spaces,
socialities and socio-spatial assemblages in the city, enrolling
different actors and multiple publics and constituting different
associations, networks and relations in its wake as it travels from the
home and back again. It argues that rather than being an inert object of
unpleasant matter, whose encounter with humans has been largely
restricted to certain categories of person for its transformation to
re-use, and thus passed unnoticed, the paper explores how laundry
practices have figured in producing and reproducing gendered (and
classed) relations of labour, and enacting multiple socio-spatial, and
gendered, relations and assemblages in the city, which have largely gone
unnoticed in accounts of everyday urban life.

\textbf{Kelley M.J.~~~~~ (2014). The semantic production of space:
Pervasive computing and the urban landscape~~ \cite{Kelley_2014}}

Key words: ~~ Ambient information; Anticipatory technology; Everyday
life; Geosocial media; Inductive intelligence; Locative technology;
Mobile technology; Pervasive computing; Production of space;
Relationality; Semantic web; Spatial practice; Urban space~~~~~~~

This paper suggests that as pervasive computing technologies have gained
purchase in urban space they have also become more implicitly blended
with everyday life and more contingent on information that is
inductively compiled from Internet-based data services. It is argued
that existing theorizations of the technologically mediated production
of urban must engage with the increasingly implicit nature of
informational transactions as well as the emergent semantic structuring
of information. Drawing on examples of ongoing pervasive computing
projects, implicit computing procedures are explored in relation to the
mediation of everyday urban life. Literatures from computing science and
geographical theory are brought into conversation in order to examine
the consequences of a convergence between implicit pervasive
technologies and the spaces of everyday life.

\textbf{Pereira V.B.~~~ (2018). Urban Distinctions: Class, Culture and
Sociability in the City of Porto~ \cite{Pereira_2018}}

Key words: ~~ Bourdieu; class; culture; everyday life; local space;
Portugal; urban inequality~~~~~~~~~~~

This essay employs Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice and the
methodology of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to extend the
mapping of the dynamic relations between class and culture presented in
Bourdieu's Distinction to encompass urban space, drawing on data from a
multi-method research project on the city of Porto, Portugal. We present
a detailed analysis of the formation and structure of local social space
and show its relevance for the study of the (re)production of urban
lifestyles. Differences in the volume and composition of the capital of
city residents are identified and shown to underpin the relations
between social positions, dispositions and position takings in various
realms of cultural consumption. Meaningful configurations of `lifestyle
modalities' have clear roots in the city's social space, which in
Portugal, as in France, can be interpreted in terms of distinction,
pretension and necessity.

\textbf{Desai D., Darts D.~~~~~ (2016). Interrupting Everyday Life:
Public Interventionist Art as Critical Public
Pedagogy~~~\cite{Desai_2016}}~

Key words: ~~ activism; art education; public pedagogy; public sphere;
urban art~~~~~

In this article we explore two urban interventions art projects in the
public sphere designed by our Masters' students at New York University
as they set the stage for a discussion on how urban art interventions
can function as a form of critical public pedagogy. We argue that these
kinds of public art projects provided a space for dialogue with people
on the streets about the increased corporatisation of the public sphere.
This kind of urban interventionism, we believe, is needed in art
education today, as the public sphere is increasingly being eroded by
private interests and it is only by reclaiming the public sphere that we
can develop a cultural politics that in turn renews our democracy.

\textbf{Kuoppa J.~~~~~~ (2013). Beyond vague promises of liveability: An
exploration of walking in everyday life~~~\cite{Kuoppa_2013}~}

Key words: ~~ Everyday life; Mobility patterns; Pedestrians; Perception;
Public space; Space-time use; Walking~~

This chapter analyses walking as an everyday practice, which might have
potential to improve the quality of life of urban dwellers as is
suggested by voluminous policy discussion and scholarly literature in
the field of urban planning. It analyses this assumption through
exploring the shaping of walking experiences in both the short and the
long term by asking: How do the qualities of immediate spatial and
temporal experience merge into the everyday life of inhabitants? Do the
daily walking habits of urban dwellers have a role in how they believe
they can shape their quality of life in the future? The analysis draws
upon walking-interview data with inhabitants of two Finnish cities.
Interviews illustrated the multiplicity of perceived, qualitative
temporalities of walking. We use and manage our walking time to open
possibilities for various other experiences. The analysis shows that
walking can offer individuals possibilities to enrich their everyday
life and their relationships with their environment and enhance their
quality of life. However, the general promise that walking enhances the
liveability of cities must be put to the test and evaluated in relation
to local socio-material conditions and individual spatio-temporal
contexts of everyday life.

\textbf{Vilà G. (2013). Time and urban morphology: Dispersed and compact
city time use in the metropolitan region of
Barcelona~~~\cite{Vil__2013}~~~}

Key words: ~~ Compact city; Dispersed city; Everyday life practices;
Space-time use~~

Time use and management highly depend on personal and social factors
such as the way each individual relates to labour activities, the type
of family in which they live, the person's age, gender and their
socioeconomic status, etc. All of these factors determine important
differences. However, another basic element to be added to this list of
factors differentiating people's time use and management is the city's
spatial configuration. Offering possibilities while setting limits, this
element determines people's life space and can therefore lead to social
inequalities. Analysing time-space relationships has subsequently become
a crucial element in exploring a city's possibilities, detecting
problems and offering guidance in relation to town planning. This
chapter analyses the relation between urban morphology and its
interactions with people's life space, time use and management by
focusing on dispersed urbanism and its impact on the metropolitan region
of Barcelona. More specifically, the chapter focuses on the recently
consolidated dispersed city morphology by comparing it with that of the
compact city so that differences between their specific time and space
uses can be determined. Challenges possibly set by the former to the
development of a public, accessible city, that is to say, to the
construction of a socially sustainable city, are also evaluated.

\textbf{Middleton J.~~ (2018). The socialities of everyday urban walking
and the `right to the city'~~~\cite{Middleton_2016}~~}~~~~~

Key words: ~~ encounters; everyday life; urban politics; urban space;
walking; `right to the city'~~~~~~~~~~~

This paper explores the socialities of everyday urban walking. The paper
begins from the starting contention that a wide range of social and
cultural theory, urban planning and transport literatures position
walking as a practice that unproblematically encourages `social mixing',
`community cohesion' and `social interaction'. Through the analysis of
in-depth interview and diary data from research on urban walking in
London, this paper engages with a series of underexamined questions.
What, for example, is the nature of social interactions on foot? Who are
they with, what initiates them and how do they unfold? How do these
interactions relate to how we understand the relationship between
walking and urban space? Attention is drawn to verbal and non-verbal
interactions of strangers as they walk and to the significance of the
practical accomplishment of walking together. However, an examination of
the discursive organisation of diary and interview data extends existing
work concerning the practical organisation of everyday pedestrian
mobilities by considering the significance of participants' accounts of
their walking experiences. This analytic move foregrounds a
counterposition to dominant discourses surrounding everyday walking
practices that is situated in the context of broader concerns with
everyday urban politics and the `right to the city'. This approach
contributes to a clearer engagement with the socialities of urban
walking whilst raising important questions concerning the ways in which
particular walking discourses inform urban scholarship. The paper
concludes that in the promotion of walking as a form of low-carbon
active travel greater account should be taken of pedestrian encounters.

~

\textbf{Pereira P.~~~~~~~ (2016). Rethinking public spaces in waterfront
areas: Notes from Lisbon.~~\cite{Pereira_2016}}

Key words: ~~ everyday life; Lisbon; Public spaces; waterfront
redevelopment~~~~~~~~~~~

In port cities with declining industries, waterfront redevelopment is
one major part of the competitive agenda. The increasing economic
importance of service, leisure, and tourism industries created an
opportunity to reuse urban waterfront areas no longer considered
profitable. Parque das Nações in Lisbon is a product of such a process:
It's a newly built mixed-use waterfront neighborhood, planned, and
developed, first and foremost, to be the site of Expo '98. This former
industrial and port area has been emerging in the last 15 years as a
``showcase'' for Lisbon: A piece of the competitive strategy of the
Portuguese capital. Its public spaces are an important part of that
strategy and have been managed in order to remain particularly safe and
clean. On one hand, Parque das Nações is a socially homogenous elite
residential neighborhood, on the other hand, it is emerging as a new
metropolitan centrality characterized by an intense mobility and by an
increasing concentration of urbanites carrying on work and leisure
related activities. It is the coexistence of these two complementary and
contradictory dynamics that shapes the interactive logic of public life
in the area. This chapter explores the use, appropriation, and
interaction patterns afforded by the public spaces of Parque das Nações.
I discard both the idealized conception of public spaces that
characterizes them as havens of diversity and accessibility and the more
contemporary idea of public spaces as empty spaces that no longer
promote encounters with others, serving exclusively as marketing tools
for real-estate developers. Instead, I argue that the production of
urban areas such as Parque das Nações is a socially unequal process
resulting in excessively planned and controlled public spaces. However,
when they attract different populations for different reasons, these
spaces might foster unexpected, emergent, or even transgressive uses and
interactions that promote public space vitality.

\textbf{Gwiazdzinski L.~~~~~~~~~ (2013). Teenagers in the contemporary
city: Hypermodern times, spaces and
practices~~~\cite{Gwiazdzinski_2013}~~~~~~}

Key words: ~~ Everyday life practices; Mobility patterns; Public space;
Space-time use; Youth~~~~~~~~~

This chapter aims to examine teenagers' practices in public space, the
modes of appropriation that stigmatise certain types of places and worry
parents and adults, particularly in the evening and at night. It is
based for the most part on a study conducted for the French Union of
Holiday Centres (UFCV) on `teenagers' times and spaces of sociability'
and on a more detailed survey conducted in the outskirt area of
Besançon, in Eastern France. Our study highlights the importance of a
spatial and temporal approach to youth, at the level of living areas, so
as to allow for the co-construction, locally and with the youth, their
parents and residents, of projects and policies adapted to their needs.
The chapter emphasises the necessity of transcending preconceived ideas
about teenagers, to acknowledge and respect their temporalities, in
order to be able to conceive a city and public spaces that are more
accessible and welcoming, places where they can express themselves and
places where they can hide: ordered times and places but also places and
times for freedom and adventure. More generally, these populations,
whose behaviour is increasingly mobile, fragmented and unstable -
caricatures of a hypermodern society - call into question the urban
fabric, the duality and diversity of urban times and spaces. Between the
`poly-temporal city' and the `á la carte city', the boundaries are
increasingly blurred. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.

\par\null

\subsubsection*{4.4.3 Other sources}

{\label{760184}}

\emph{Journal of Mundane Behavior}

\emph{\url{http://www.everydaysociologyblog.com/}}

\section*{5. Research Methodology}

{\label{746200}}\par\null

\subsection*{5.1 Introduction}

{\label{835058}}

Architectural Research Methods Compared to many other disciplinary and
professional fields, architectural research encompasses a relatively
wider diversity of substantive foci and methodological choices.
~\cite{groat2013architectural}~ Dr. Yasser Mahgoub summarized~ 7 basic
architectural research methods (fig.~{\ref{650058}}),
which relative to multi-disciplinary.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/architectural-research-methods-table-100408084250-phpapp02/architectural-research-methods-table-100408084250-phpapp02}
\caption{{Architectural research methods (Y. Mahgoub; 2008)
{\label{650058}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{5.2 ``Small data'' in architectural and
urban
research}{5.2 Small data in architectural and urban research}}

{\label{894129}}

Researchers of architectural and urban design have provided several sets
of systematic research methods or models using basic research approach,
namely, qualitative, quantitive,~ survey, observation,~ simulation,~
correlational, etc..~ As table{\ref{377301}} shows, W.
Whyte's work is the foundation for providing design guidelines that were
eventually embedded in new zoning codes and used by many architects and
landscape architects. Additionally, he presented a common application of
observational tactics of architecture and urban design. J. Gehl created
a survey strategy for urban design and evaluate urban spaces, called
public space public life survey method (PSPL). Many researchers applied
this method to evaluate~ certain cases
(~\citet{Li_2014},~\citet{Lee_2015},~\citet{Torbaty_2015})and~ even
present their own models (\citet{Carfora_2017},~\citet{Zhao_2015}). B.
Hilliers invented the Space Syntax method which made an improvement in
correlation research method based on the typological theory modelling
with social and spatial variables. Mehta used the definition put forth
by Carr et al. and the framework suggested by Gehl, suggested a
theoretical framework to evaluate public space, named public space index
(PSI index). Currently, the PSI index is one of popular evaluation index
for public space studies (\citet{Evans_2018},~\citet{Eriawan_2017}). Varna
have gave a model for measuring the ``publicness'' of public space- the
star model, which expected could be use for everyone- both researchers
and commons.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\normalsize\begin{tabulary}{1.0\textwidth}{CC}
Researchers & Results \\
W. Whyte  &  A common application of observational tactics \\
J. Gehl & PSPL method \\
B. Hillier,\selectlanguage{ngerman} J.Hanson & Space Syntax \\
V. Mehta & PSI index \\
G. Varna & The star model \\
\end{tabulary}
\caption{{Key research methods and models~
{\label{377301}}%
}}
\end{table}\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{5.3 ``Big data'' in architecture and urban
research}{5.3 Big data in architecture and urban research}}

{\label{547892}}

The searching result of new methods of public space research from Scopus
(fig.{\ref{109122}}) reveals the attention of new
methods had surged from 2013, which might be affected by new computer
technology and~complex systems society theory referenced by M. Batty in
2012.~ The architectural and urban research turn from small data are to
the data era.~ Big data and small data in fact represent two different
research paradigms -- the former is driven by data while the latter is
theory-driven. Generally, data-driven research is considered as
exploratory study while theory-driven research is confirmatory
study.\cite{Duan_2017}

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Scopus-Analyze-Year1/Scopus-Analyze-Year1}
\caption{{Searching output of ``new methods in public space''
{\label{697455}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection*{5.3.1 Big data models}

{\label{998571}}

Big date have be increasingly getting~involved in architecture and urban
design research and also expansive the research methodologies, as
following figure (fig.{\ref{109122}}) shows.~ However,
most of models and methods have been adopted in urban planning which has
a wide scale. In comparison, the certain urban public spaces have much
smaller scale lacking data in details.~ Thus, the micro simulation model
(MSM) might be the~ best option for public space study in small-scale.
MSM is a method to study individuals' behaviour in spatio-temporal way
and always analysis data in two platforms- UrbanSim and ILUTE .~

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/New-methodologies-of-big-data/New-methodologies-of-big-data}
\caption{{New methodologies of big data (Self-made)
{\label{109122}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection*{5.3.2 Big data types}

{\label{607614}}

There are many types of big data, J. Hao~\cite{Hao_2015} has
summarized the advantages and the disadvantages of various types of big
data in following picture. Considering the scale limited of the object
of my research, there are 5 potential data types:

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  GPS Log Data from Handheld GPS Devices;
\item
  Point of Interests (POIs) Data;
\item
  Volunteered Geographic Information;
\item
  Search Engine Data;
\item
  Simulation of Individual attribute data.
\end{enumerate}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/advantages-and-the-disadvantages-of-various-types-of-big-data/advantages-and-the-disadvantages-of-various-types-of-big-data}
\caption{{Advantages and dis advantages of various types of big
data~\protect\cite{Hao_2015}
{\label{544319}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{5.4 Research methodology of my
research}

{\label{153022}}

Montgomery~\cite{Montgomery_1998} criticized the traditional approaches to
evaluate and design high quality public spaces by Gelh, Carmon, Whyte,
etc., because of the inevitable focus on surface appearance without
articulating the structure of place. If the underlying dynamic of
activity is not understood, it is more likely that an artefact will be
produced: an exotic and picturesque space that has a superficial effect
on first-time visitors.\cite{Ghavampour_2017}~

Facing such complex doubt, based on Dr. Yasser Mahgoub' summary of
architectural research methods (fig.~{\ref{650058}}), 4
fundamental~methodologies would be adopted, namely, interpretative
research method, survey research method, simulation research method, and
qualitative research method.~

Traditional small data method and popular big data method would be
accepted in the research (fig.~{\ref{673192}}),~ and
each method is important and complements the other.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/big-small-data-method/big-small-data-method}
\caption{{Research logic and methodology (Self-made)
{\label{673192}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{}

{\label{516771}}

\subsection*{5.4 Bibliography:}

{\label{516771}}

\subsection*{5.4.1 Research methodology}

{\label{282517}}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Sociological research
  methods:~\url{http://philschatz.com/sociology-book/contents/m42960.html}
\item
  Computer Simulations for Research
  Design:~\url{https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/simul/simul.htm}
\item
  Architectural research
  methods:~\url{http://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/architecture-110/methods}~
\item
  Groat, L. N., \& Wang, D. (2013).~\emph{Architectural research
  methods}. John Wiley \& Sons.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection*{5.4.2 Small data}

{\label{307158}}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Gehl, J., \& Gemzoe, L. (1996).~\emph{Public spaces-public life}.
\item
  Varna, G. (2016).~\emph{Measuring public space: the star model}.
  Routledge.
\item
  Mehta, V. (2014). Evaluating public space.~\emph{Journal of Urban
  Design},~\emph{19}(1), 53-88.
\item
  Heffernan, E., Heffernan, T., \& Pan, W. (2014). The relationship
  between the quality of active frontages and public perceptions of
  public spaces.~\emph{Urban Design International},~\emph{19}(1),
  92-102.
\item
  Mahmoudi, M., Ahmad, F., \& Abbasi, B. (2015). Livable streets: The
  effects of physical problems on the quality and livability of Kuala
  Lumpur streets.~\emph{Cities},~\emph{43}, 104-114.
\item
  Kytt\selectlanguage{ngerman}ä, A. M., Broberg, A. K., \& Kahila, M. H. (2012). Urban
  environment and children's active lifestyle: SoftGIS revealing
  children's behavioral patterns and meaningful places.~\emph{American
  Journal of Health Promotion},~\emph{26}(5), e137-e148.
\item
  Osgood, C. E. (1964). Semantic differential technique in the
  comparative study of cultures.~\emph{American
  Anthropologist},~\emph{66}(3), 171-200.
\item
  The online SD
  method:~\url{http://www.indiana.edu/~socpsy/papers/AttMeasure/attitude..htm}
\item
  SD method:~\url{http://ww1.semanticdifferential.com/}
\end{enumerate}

\subsection*{5.4.3 Big data~}

{\label{927474}}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Hao, J., Zhu, J., \& Zhong, R. (2015). The rise of big data on urban
  studies and planning practices in China: Review and open research
  issues.~\emph{Journal of Urban Management},~\emph{4}(2), 92-124.
\item
  Fu, C. (2017). Enabling quantitative urban sustainability assessment
  with big data.\emph{~World Academy of Science, Engineering and
  Technology, International Journal of Architectural and Environmental
  Engineering,~4}(3)
\item
  Martí, P., Serrano-Estrada, L., \& Nolasco-Cirugeda, A. (2017). Using
  locative social media and urban cartographies to identify and locate
  successful urban plazas.~\emph{Cities},~\emph{64}, 66-78.
\item
  Gil de Zuniga, H., \& Diehl, T. (2017). Citizenship, social media, and
  big data: Current and future research in the social
  sciences.\emph{Social Science Computer Review,~35}(1), 3-9.
\item
  Girres, J., \& Touya, G. (2010). Quality assessment of the french
  OpenStreetMap dataset.\emph{~Transactions in GIS,~14}(4), 435-459.
\item
  Haklay, M. (2010). How good is volunteered geographical information? A
  comparative study of OpenStreetMap and ordnance survey
  datasets.\emph{~Environment and Planning B: Planning and
  Design,~37}(4), 682-703.
\item
  Kyttä, M., Broberg, A., Tzoulas, T., \& Snabb, K. (2013). Towards
  contextually sensitive urban densification: Location-based softGIS
  knowledge revealing perceived residential environmental
  quality.~\emph{Landscape and Urban Planning},~\emph{113}, 30-46.
\item
  Jacobs, N., \& Cooper, R. (2018).~\emph{Living in digital worlds:
  Designing the digital public space}~Routledge.
\item
  Jia, Z. (2017). Intelligent evaluation method for urban public space
  in the big data era. Paper presented at the~\emph{2017 International
  Conference on Smart Grid and Electrical Automation (ICSGEA),~}489-492.
\item
  Liu, X., \& Long, Y. (2016). Automated identification and
  characterization of parcels with OpenStreetMap and points of
  interest.\emph{Environment and Planning B: Planning and
  Design,~43}(2), 341-360.
\item
  McQuire, S. (2017).~\emph{Geomedia: Networked cities and the future of
  public space}~John Wiley \& Sons.
\item
  Rock, N. R. (2011). Mapping geospatial events based on extracted
  spatial information from web documents.
\item
  Tay, L., Jebb, A. T., \& Woo, S. E. (2017). Video capture of human
  behaviors: Toward a big data approach.\emph{~Current Opinion in
  Behavioral Sciences,~18}, 17-22.
\end{enumerate}

\par\null

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