\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[affil-it]{authblk}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks=false,pdfborder={0 0 0}}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}




\begin{document}

\title{Gravitational Waves and the Death of the PDF}


\author{Matteo Cantiello}
\affil{Affiliation not available}

  
\author{Alberto Pepe}
\affil{Affiliation not available}
  



\date{\today}

\maketitle




\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/gravitational-waves---photo-custom/gravitational-waves---photo-custom}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

Einstein published in 1916 a paper containing the prediction of the existence of gravitational waves. It has just one author (A.E. himself) and consists of a few pages of text and equations \citep{1916SPAW.......688E}.
Fast forward exactly 100 years, the LIGO collaboration announced in a paper that \href{https://www.authorea.com/users/2/articles/101461/_show_article}{they observed what Einstein had predicted}. The paper has more than 1000 co-authors and it condenses, in just a few pages of text, equations and figures, an enormous amount of technical information \citep{PhysRevLett.116.061102}.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/Einstein-LIGO2/Einstein-LIGO2}
\caption{{The Einstein and LIGO papers that, respectively, predicted and observed gravitational waves are very similar in format. \textbf{So much has changed in 100 years of science. So little has changed in 100 years of scientific publishing}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


This fundamental result was packaged into a PDF, a static format that does not allow the reader to access and interact with some of the most important elements of the research:  data and code.  Fortunately, these were released shortly afterwards by the \href{https://losc.ligo.org/events/GW150914/}{LIGO Open Science Center} as a Jupyter notebook. But why were the paper and the Jupyter notebook published separately? 

\textbf{It's clear that the PDF, which is unable to contain and execute data and code, can not be the format of choice for the paper of the future.} On the other hand, an Authorea paper is web-native and can easily include data and code and allows the reader to interact with the full research as they go through it. 

To demonstrate this point, we included in this article the signal processing tasks on strain time-series data associated with the LIGO GW150914 data release. Click on the 'Launch iPython' button icon in the figure below to access, modify and run the data analysis used to produce the figure and the other results published in \citet{PhysRevLett.116.061102}.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/GW150914/GW150914}
\caption{{Click on the "Launch Ipython" icon to access (and modify) the data analysis used to produce this figure%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The sheer technological and intellectual progress that we witnessed in the last century, along with the rise of the internet and large scale computing, is not reflected in the methods we use to write up our science. Little has changed since the time of Einstein. Not much has changed  since the time of Galileo either.
Authorea addresses specifically this challenge. Authorea papers live in the cloud, allowing large collaborations to write up and share science, easily integrating data, code and all the material needed to reproduce (and discuss) their results. Authorea can allow the long-awaited leap that will move the scientific paper in the 21st century.

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{bibliography/converted_to_latex.bib%
}

\end{CJK}\end{document}

