@inproceedings{fan2012,
  author = {Fan, Chloe and Forlizzi, Jodi and Dey, Anind},
  booktitle = {14th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UBICOMP ’12)},
  isbn = {9781450312240},
  title = {{A Spark Of Activity : Exploring Informative Art As Visualization For Physical Activity}},
  year = {2012},
}


@inproceedings{harries2013,
  author = {Harries, T. and Eslambolchilar, P. and Stride, C. and Rettie, R. and Walton, S.},
  booktitle = {15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UBICOMP ’13)},
  title = {{Walking in the Wild – Using an Always-on Smartphone Application to Increase Physical Activity}},
  year = {2013},
}


@inproceedings{Consolvoetal06,
  author = {Consolvo, Sunny and Everitt, Katherine and Smith, Ian and Landay, James A.},
  title = {{Design requirements for technologies that encourage physical activity}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  series = {CHI '06},
  year = {2006},
  isbn = {1-59593-372-7},
  pages = {457--466},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1124772.1124840},
  doi = {10.1145/1124772.1124840},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@inproceedings{Consolvoetala08,
  author = {Consolvo, Sunny and Klasnja, Predrag and McDonald, David W. and Avrahami, Daniel and Froehlich, Jon and LeGrand, Louis and Libby, Ryan and Mosher, Keith and Landay, James A.},
  title = {{Flowers or a robot army?: encouraging awareness \& activity with personal, mobile displays}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Ubiquitous computing},
  series = {UbiComp '08},
  year = {2008},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-136-1},
  pages = {54--63},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1409635.1409644},
  doi = {10.1145/1409635.1409644},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@inproceedings{Consolvoetalb08,
  author = {Consolvo, Sunny and McDonald, David W. and Toscos, Tammy and Chen, Mike Y. and Froehlich, Jon and Harrison, Beverly and Klasnja, Predrag and LaMarca, Anthony and LeGrand, Louis and Libby, Ryan and Smith, Ian and Landay, James A.},
  title = {{Activity sensing in the wild: a field trial of UbiFit garden}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  series = {CHI '08},
  year = {2008},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-011-1},
  pages = {1797--1806},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1357054.1357335},
  doi = {10.1145/1357054.1357335},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@inproceedings{Fogg98,
  author = {Fogg, BJ},
  title = {{Persuasive computers: perspectives and research directions}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  series = {CHI '98},
  year = {1998},
  isbn = {0-201-30987-4},
  pages = {225--232},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/274644.274677},
  doi = {10.1145/274644.274677},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@inproceedings{Fujikietal07,
  author = {Fujiki, Yuichi and Kazakos, Konstantinos and Puri, Colin and Pavlidis, Ioannis and Starren, Justin and Levine, James},
  title = {{NEAT-o-games: ubiquitous activity-based gaming}},
  booktitle = {CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  series = {CHI EA '07},
  year = {2007},
  isbn = {978-1-59593-642-4},
  pages = {2369--2374},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240866.1241009},
  doi = {10.1145/1240866.1241009},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@inproceedings{FujinamiRiekki08,
  author = {Fujinami, Kaori and Riekki, Jukka},
  title = {{A Case Study on an Ambient Display as a Persuasive Medium for Exercise Awareness}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Persuasive Technology},
  series = {PERSUASIVE '08},
  year = {2008},
  isbn = {978-3-540-68500-5},
  pages = {266--269},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68504-3_28},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-68504-3_28},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
}


@inproceedings{Linetal06,
  author = {Lin, James J. and Mamykina, Lena and Lindtner, Silvia and Delajoux, Gregory and Strub, Henry B.},
  title = {{Fish'n'Steps: encouraging physical activity with an interactive computer game}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Ubiquitous Computing},
  series = {UbiComp'06},
  year = {2006},
  isbn = {3-540-39634-9, 978-3-540-39634-5},
  pages = {261--278},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11853565_16},
  doi = {10.1007/11853565_16},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
}


@article{Bakeretal08,
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  author = {Graham Baker and Stuart R. Gray and Annemarie Wright and Claire F. Fitzsimons and Myra A. Nimmo and Ruth Lowry and Nanette Mutrie},
  title = {{The effect of a pedometer-based community walking intervention ``Walking for Wellbeing in the West'' on physical activity levels and health outcomes: A 12-week randomized controlled trial}},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity},
  pages = {44--44},
  year = {2008},
  url = {http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/308/},
}


@inbook{Copelton10,
  title = {{Output that Counts: Pedometers, Sociability and the Contested Terrain of Older Adult Fitness Walking}},
  author = {Copelton, Denise A.},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  isbn = {9781444391541},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444391541.ch10},
  doi = {10.1002/9781444391541.ch10},
  pages = {127--141},
  booktitle = {Technogenarians},
  year = {2010},
}


@article{Croteau04,
  author = {Leonard A. Kaminsky and Jason Jones and Katrina Riggin and Scott J. Strath},
  title = {{A pedometer-based physical activity intervention for patients entering a maintenance cardiac rehabilitation program: a pilot study}},
  journal = {Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  year = {2013},
  issn = {2223-3660},
  url = {http://www.thecdt.org/article/view/1733},
}


@article{Richardsonetal08,
  author = {Richardson, Caroline R. and Newton, Tiffany L. and Abraham, Jobby J. and Sen, Ananda and Jimbo, Masahito and Swartz, Ann M.},
  title = {{A Meta-Analysis of Pedometer-Based Walking Interventions and Weight Loss}},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {69-77},
  year = {2008},
  doi = {10.1370/afm.761},
  url = {http://www.annfammed.org/content/6/1/69.abstract},
  eprint = {http://www.annfammed.org/content/6/1/69.full.pdf+html},
  journal = {The Annals of Family Medicine},
}


@inproceedings{Ahtinenetal10,
  author = {Ahtinen, Aino and Huuskonen, Pertti and H\{a}kkil\{a}, Jonna},
  title = {{Let's all get up and walk to the North Pole: design and evaluation of a mobile wellness application}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries},
  series = {NordiCHI '10},
  year = {2010},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-934-3},
  pages = {3--12},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1868914.1868920},
  doi = {10.1145/1868914.1868920},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@article{Bravataetal07,
  author = {Bravata, Dena M. and Smith-Spangler, Crystal and Sundaram, Vandana and Gienger, Allison L. and Lin, Nancy and Lewis, Robyn and  Stave, Christopher D. and Olkin, Ingram and Sirard, John R.},
  title = {{Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: A systematic review}},
  journal = {JAMA},
  volume = {298},
  number = {19},
  pages = {2296-2304},
  year = {2007},
  doi = {10.1001/jama.298.19.2296},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.19.2296},
  eprint = {/data/Journals/JAMA/5247/jrv70022_2296_2304.pdf},
}


@article{Kangetal09,
  author = {Kang, Minsoo and Marshall, Simon J. and Barreira, Tiago V. and Lee, Jin-Oh},
title = {Effect of pedometer-based physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis.},
journal = {Res Q Exerc Sport},
volume = {80},
year = {2009},
number = {3},
pages = {648-55},
url = {http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/effect-pedometer-based-physical-activity/19791652.html},
pubmedid = {19791652},
issn = {0270-1367},
}


@inproceedings{Limetal11,
  author = {Lim, Brian Y. and Shick, Aubrey and Harrison, Chris and Hudson, Scott E.},
  booktitle = {Tangible and Embedded Interaction},
  editor = {Gross, Mark D. and Nunes, Nuno Jardim and Do, Ellen Yi-Luen and Brewster, Stephen A. and Oakley, Ian},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0478-8},
  pages = {173-180},
  publisher = {ACM},
  title = {{Pediluma: motivating physical activity through contextual information and social influence}},
  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/tei/tei2011.html#LimSHH11},
  year = {2011},
}


@article{KingTester99,
  author = {King, Phillip and Tester, Jason},
  title = {{The landscape of persuasive technologies}},
  journal = {Commun. ACM},
  issue_date = {May 1999},
  volume = {42},
  number = {5},
  month = {may},
  year = {1999},
  issn = {0001-0782},
  pages = {31--38},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/301353.301398},
  doi = {10.1145/301353.301398},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@article{Slootmakeretal09,
  author = {Slootmaker, S. M. and Chin, A. Paw M. J. M. and Schuit, A. J. and van Mechelen, W. and Koppes, L. L. J.},
  title = {{Concurrent validity of the PAM accelerometer relative to the MTI Actigraph using oxygen consumption as a reference}},
  journal = {Scand J Med Sci Sports},
  volume = {19},
  year = {2009},
  number = {1},
  pages = {36-43},
  url = {http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/concurrent-validity-pam-accelerometer-relative/18266793.html},
  issn = {1600-0838},
}


@inproceedings{ToscosFaber06,
  author = {Toscos, Tammy and Faber, Anne and An, Shunying and Gandhi, Mona Praful},
  title = {{Chick clique: persuasive technology to motivate teenage girls to exercise}},
  booktitle = {CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  series = {CHI EA '06},
  year = {2006},
  isbn = {1-59593-298-4},
  pages = {1873--1878},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1125451.1125805},
  doi = {10.1145/1125451.1125805},
  publisher = {ACM},
}


@inproceedings{Toscosetal08,
  author = {Tammy Toscos and Anne Faber and Kay Connelly and Adity Mutsuddi Upoma},
  title = {{Encouraging Physical Activity in Teens: can technology help reduce barriers to physical activity in adolescent girls}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Pervasive Health ’08},
  year = {2008},
}


@article{Pearson2012,
  title = {{Goal setting as a health behavior change strategy in overweight and obese adults: A systematic literature review examining intervention components}},
  journal = {Patient Education and Counseling},
  volume = {87},
  number = {1},
  pages = {32 -- 42},
  year = {2012},
  issn = {0738-3991},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.07.018},
  author = {Erin S. Pearson},
}


@article{ThomasWilliams06,
  author = {Thomas, Lyndall and Williams, Mark},
  title = {{Promoting physical activity in the workplace: using pedometers to increase daily activity levels}},
  journal = {Health Promot J Austr},
  volume = {17},
  year = {2006},
  number = {2},
  pages = {97-102},
  url = {http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/promoting-physical-activity-in-workplace/16916311.html},
  issn = {1036-1073},
}


@book{Blytheetal04,
  author = {Blythe, Mark and Overbeeke, Kees and Monk, Andrew F. and Wright, Peter C. (Eds.)},
  editor = {Blythe, Mark and Overbeeke, Kees and Monk, Andrew F. and Wright, Peter C.},
  isbn = {978-1-4020-2966-0},
  publisher = {Springer},
  series = {Human-Computer Interaction Series},
  title = {{Funology - From Usability to Enjoyment}},
  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/hci/BlytheOMW05.html},
  volume = {3},
  year = {2005},
}


@inproceedings{Berkovskyetal09b,
  author = {Berkovsky, Shlomo and Freyne, Jill and Coombe, Mac and Bhandari, Dipak and Baghaei, Nilufar},
  booktitle = {OZCHI},
  editor = {Foth, Marcus and Kjeldskov, Jesper and Paay, Jeni},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-854-4},
  pages = {273--276},
  publisher = {ACM},
  title = {{Physical activity motivating games: you can play, mate!}},
  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ozchi/ozchi2009.html#BerkovskyFCBB09},
  volume = {411},
  year = {2009},
}


@inproceedings{Berkovskyetal09a,
  author = {Berkovsky, Shlomo and Bhandari, Dipak and Kimani, Stephen and Colineau, Nathalie and Paris, Cécile},
  booktitle = {PERSUASIVE},
  editor = {Chatterjee, Samir and Dev, Parvati},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-376-1},
  pages = {37},
  publisher = {ACM},
  title = {{Designing games to motivate physical activity}},
  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/persuasive/persuasive2009.html#BerkovskyBKCP09},
  volume = {350},
  year = {2009},
}


@inproceedings{Gasseretal06,
  author = {Gasser, Roland and Brodbeck, Dominique and Degen, Markus and Luthiger, Jürg and Wyss, Remo and Reichlin, Serge},
  booktitle = {PERSUASIVE},
  editor = {IJsselsteijn, Wijnand and de Kort, Yvonne and Midden, Cees J. H. and Eggen, Berry and van den Hoven, Elise},
  isbn = {3-540-34291-5},
  pages = {27-38},
  publisher = {Springer},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  title = {{Persuasiveness of a Mobile Lifestyle Coaching Application Using Social Facilitation}},
  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/persuasive/persuasive2006.html#GasserBDLWR06},
  volume = {3962},
  year = {2006},
}


@article{Andersonetal07,
  author = {Anderson, Ian and Maitland, Julie and Sherwood, Scott and Barkhuus, Louise and Chalmers, Matthew and Hall, Malcolm and Brown, Barry and Muller, Henk},
  title = {{Shakra: tracking and sharing daily activity levels with unaugmented mobile phones}},
  journal = {Mobile Network Applications},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2-3},
  month = {mar},
  year = {2007},
  issn = {1383-469X},
  pages = {185--199},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-007-0011-7},
  doi = {10.1007/s11036-007-0011-7},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.},
}


@book{ThalerSunstein08,
  title = {{Nudge : improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness}},
  author = {Thaler, Richard H. and Sunstein, Cass R.},
  publisher = {Penguin Books},
  address = {New York, Toronto, London},
  url = {http://opac.inria.fr/record=b1134761},
  isbn = {978-0-14-311526-7},
  year = {2009},
}


@article{m_Noah_Spierer_Gu_Bronner_2013,
  title = {{Comparison of steps and energy expenditure assessment in adults of Fitbit Tracker and Ultra to the Actical and indirect calorimetry}},
  volume = {37},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091902.2013.831135},
  doi = {10.3109/03091902.2013.831135},
  number = {7},
  journal = {Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology},
  publisher = {Informa UK (Informa Healthcare)},
  author = {Adam Noah, J. and Spierer, David K. and Gu, Jialu and Bronner, Shaw},
  year = {2013},
  month = {Oct},
  pages = {456-462},
}


@inproceedings{Rogers2010,
  author = {Rogers, Yvonne and Hazlewood, William R and Marshall, Paul and Dalton, Nick and Hertrich, Susanna},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp'10)},
  isbn = {9781605588438},
  pages = {261--270},
  title = {{Ambient Influence : Can Twinkly Lights Lure and Abstract Representations Trigger Behavioral Change ?}},
  year = {2010},
}


@article{ers_Ezzati_Jamison_Murray_2006,
  title = {{Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data}},
  volume = {367},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9},
  number = {9524},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  author = {Lopez, Alan D and Mathers, Colin D and Ezzati, Majid and Jamison, Dean T and Murray, Christopher JL},
  year = {2006},
  month = {May},
  pages = {1747-1757},
}

@inproceedings{Fosteretal10,
 author = {Foster, Derek and Linehan, Conor and Kirman, Ben and Lawson, Shaun and James, Gary},
 title = {{Motivating physical activity at work: using persuasive social media for competitive step counting}},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments},
 series = {MindTrek '10},
 year = {2010},
 location = {Tampere, Finland},
 pages = {111--116},
 numpages = {6},
 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1930488.1930510},
 doi = {10.1145/1930488.1930510},
 publisher = {ACM},
}

@techreport{DOH2011,
   author = {Department of Health, Physical Activity Health Improvement and Protection},
   title = {Start Active, Stay Active: A report on physical activity from the four home countries’ Chief Medical Officers},
   institution = {Department of Health },
   year = {2011}
}

@article{Freedman2007,
   author = {Freedman, D. S. and Kahn, H. S. and Mei, Z. and Grummer-Strawn, L. M. and Dietz, W. H. and Srinivasan, S. R. and Berenson, G. S.},
   title = {Relation of body mass index and waist-to-height ratio to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study},
   journal = {Am J Clin Nutr},
   volume = {86},
   number = {1},
   pages = {33-40},
   note = {Freedman, David S
Kahn, Henry S
Mei, Zuguo
Grummer-Strawn, Laurence M
Dietz, William H
Srinivasan, Sathanur R
Berenson, Gerald S
AG16592/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
Comparative Study
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
United States
The American journal of clinical nutrition
Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):33-40.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several investigators have concluded that the waist-to-height ratio is more strongly associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors than is the body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)). OBJECTIVES: We examined the relation of the BMI-for-age z score and waist-to-height ratio to risk factors (lipids, fasting insulin, and blood pressures). We also compared the abilities of these 2 indexes to identify children with adverse risk factors. DESIGN: Children aged 5-17 y (n=2498) in the Bogalusa Heart Study were evaluated. RESULTS: As assessed by the ability of the 2 indexes to 1) account for the variability in each risk factor and 2) correctly identify children with adverse values, the predictive abilities of the BMI-for-age z score and waist-to-height ratio were similar. Waist-to-height ratio was slightly better (0.01-0.02 higher R(2) values, P<0.05) in predicting concentrations of total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and LDL cholesterol, but BMI was slightly better in identifying children with high systolic blood pressure (0.03 higher R(2), P<0.05) in predicting measures of fasting insulin and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. On the basis of an overall index of the 6 risk factors, no difference was observed in the predictive abilities of BMI-for-age and waist-to-height ratio, with areas under the curves of 0.85 and 0.86 (P=0.30) and multiple R(2) values of 0.320 and 0.318 (P=0.79). This similarity likely results from the high intercorrelation (R(2)=0.78) between the 2 indexes. CONCLUSIONS: BMI-for-age and waist-to-height ratio do not differ in their abilities to identify children with adverse risk factors. Although waist-to-height ratio may be preferred because of its simplicity, additional longitudinal data are needed to examine its relation to disease.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Blood Pressure/physiology
Body Height/*physiology
*Body Mass Index
Cardiovascular Diseases/*blood/*epidemiology
Child
Child, Preschool
Cholesterol/blood
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Insulin/blood
Louisiana/epidemiology
Male
Predictive Value of Tests
Risk Factors
Triglycerides/blood},
   year = {2007}
}

@article{Boddy2010,
   author = {Boddy, L. M. and Hackett, A. F. and Stratton, G.},
   title = {Changes in fitness, body mass index and obesity in 9-10 year olds},
   journal = {J Hum Nutr Diet},
   volume = {23},
   number = {3},
   pages = {254-9},
   note = {Boddy, L M
Hackett, A F
Stratton, G
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
England
Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010 Jun;23(3):254-9. Epub 2010 Feb 15.},
   abstract = {BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity in children has increased substantially in recent years and, paediatric obesity and poor fitness are risk factors for disease. The present study aimed to assess changes in body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of obesity and changes in aerobic endurance over time in 9-10-year-old schoolchildren. METHODS: Participants were recruited by the SportsLinx project from primary schools across Liverpool. Height and weight data were used to calculate BMI. The prevalence of obesity and overweight were estimated using age- and sex-specific cut-off points. Performance on the 20-m multi-stage shuttle runs test (20 mMST) was used as a marker of aerobic endurance. Data were available for 13,418 (6572 boys, 6846 girls) 9-10-year-old children. Analysis of covariance was completed to assess year-on-year changes in BMI controlling for deprivation (IMD) and 20 mMST performance, and 20 mMST performance controlling for IMD and BMI. RESULTS: No significant changes in BMI from baseline were observed (P > 0.05). Obesity prevalence reduced in girls (2005 = 10.3%, 2008 = 8.52% in 2008). The data for boys showed no reductions in prevalence (2005 = 6.77%, 2008 = 7.87%). The most recent cohort for boys and two most recent cohorts for girls had lower levels of aerobic endurance than baseline (2004-2005) (P <or= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest a plateau in the yearly increases in BMI in 9-10 year olds independent of deprivation and fitness and a declining prevalence of obesity in girls. Levels of aerobic endurance have declined independent of BMI and deprivation. The current obesity interventions in place appear to be having some impact on BMI, but further investment is urged to promote fitness in children.},
   year = {2010}
}

@article{Fox2004,
   author = {Fox, K R and Cooper, A and McKenna, J},
   title = {The school and promotion of children's health enhancing physical activity },
   journal = {Journal of School Health},
   volume = {23},
   pages = {338-358},
   year = {2004}
}

@article{Hills2011,
   author = {Hills, A. P. and Andersen, L. B. and Byrne, N. M.},
   title = {Physical activity and obesity in children},
   journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
   volume = {45},
   number = {11},
   pages = {866-70},
   note = {Hills, Andrew P
Andersen, Lars Bo
Byrne, Nuala M
England
Br J Sports Med. 2011 Sep;45(11):866-70.},
   abstract = {Globally, obesity is affecting an increasing proportion of children. Physical activity plays an important role in the prevention of becoming overweight and obese in childhood and adolescence, and reducing the risk of obesity in adulthood. Puberty and the following adolescent period are acknowledged as particularly vulnerable times for the development of obesity due to sexual maturation and, in many individuals, a concomitant reduction in physical activity. In many Western settings, a large proportion of children and adolescents do not meet recommended physical activity guidelines and, typically, those who are more physically active have lower levels of body fat than those who are less active. Active behaviours have been displaced by more sedentary pursuits which have contributed to reductions in physical activity energy expenditure. Without appropriate activity engagement there is an increased likelihood that children will live less healthy lives than their parents. Owing to the high risk of overweight adolescents becoming obese adults, the engagement of children and adolescents in physical activity and sport is a fundamental goal of obesity prevention.},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Child
Child Welfare
Diet
Disease Susceptibility
Energy Metabolism/physiology
Exercise/*physiology
Humans
Obesity/*prevention & control/psychology
Self Concept
Sports/*physiology},
   year = {2011}
}

@article{Mountjoy2011,
   author = {Mountjoy, M and Andersen, L B and Armstrong, N and Biddle, S and Boreham, C and Bedenbeck, H P and Ekelund, U and Engebretsen, L and Hardman, K and Hills, A and Kahlmeier, S and Kriemler, S and Lambert, E and Ljungqvist, A and Matsudo, V and McKay, H and Micheli, L and Pate, R and Riddoch, C and Schamasch, P and Sundberg, C J and Tomkinson, G and van Sluijs, E and van Mechelen, W},
   title = {International Olympic Committee consensus statement on the health and fitness of young people through physical activity and sport },
   journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
   volume = {45},
   pages = {839-848},
   year = {2011}
}


@article{Rokholm2010,
   author = {Rokholm, B and Baker, J L and Sørensen, T I A},
   title = {The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999 - a review of evidence and perspectives},
   journal = {Obesity Reviews},
   volume = {11},
   pages = {835-346},
   year = {2010}
}

@article{Rowland2004,
   author = {Rowland, T.W},
   title = {The childhood obesity epidemic: Putting the 'dynamics' into thermodynamics. },
   journal = {Pediatric Exercise Science},
   volume = {16},
   pages = {87-93},
   year = {2004}
}

@article{Summerbell2005,
   author = {Summerbell, C D and Moore, H J and Vögele, C and Kreichauf, S and Wildgruber, A and Manios, Y and Douthwaite, W and Nixon, C A and Gibson, E L},
   title = {Evidence-based recommendations for the development of obesity prevention programs targeted at preschool children},
   journal = {Obesity Reviews},
   volume = {13},
   pages = {S129-S132},
   year = {2012}
}

@article{Whitehead1995,
   author = {Whitehead, J R },
   title = {A study of children’s physical self-perceptions using an adapted physical self-perception profile questionnaire},
   journal = {Pediatric Exercise Science},
   volume = {7},
   pages = {132-151},
   year = {1995}
}

@article{Trost2005,
   author = {Trost, S. G. and McIver, K. L. and Pate, R. R.},
   title = {Conducting accelerometer-based activity assessments in field-based research},
   journal = {Med Sci Sports Exerc},
   volume = {37},
   number = {11 Suppl},
   pages = {S531-43},
   note = {Trost, Stewart G
McIver, Kerry L
Pate, Russell R
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Nov;37(11 Suppl):S531-43.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to address important methodological issues related to conducting accelerometer-based assessments of physical activity in free-living individuals. METHODS: We review the extant scientific literature for empirical information related to the following issues: product selection, number of accelerometers needed, placement of accelerometers, epoch length, and days of monitoring required to estimate habitual physical activity. We also discuss the various options related to distributing and collecting monitors and strategies to enhance compliance with the monitoring protocol. RESULTS: No definitive evidence exists currently to indicate that one make and model of accelerometer is more valid and reliable than another. Selection of accelerometer therefore remains primarily an issue of practicality, technical support, and comparability with other studies. Studies employing multiple accelerometers to estimate energy expenditure report only marginal improvements in explanatory power. Accelerometers are best placed on hip or the lower back. Although the issue of epoch length has not been studied in adults, the use of count cut points based on 1-min time intervals maybe inappropriate in children and may result in underestimation of physical activity. Among adults, 3-5 d of monitoring is required to reliably estimate habitual physical activity. Among children and adolescents, the number of monitoring days required ranges from 4 to 9 d, making it difficult to draw a definitive conclusion for this population. Face-to-face distribution and collection of accelerometers is probably the best option in field-based research, but delivery and return by express carrier or registered mail is a viable option. CONCLUSION: Accelerometer-based activity assessments requires careful planning and the use of appropriate strategies to increase compliance.},
   keywords = {*Acceleration
Automatic Data Processing
Ergometry/*instrumentation
Evidence-Based Medicine
Guidelines as Topic
Humans
Locomotion
Reproducibility of Results
*Research Design
United States},
   year = {2005}
}

@article{Cole1995,
   author = {Cole, T. J. and Freeman, J. V. and Preece, M. A.},
   title = {Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990},
   journal = {Arch Dis Child},
   volume = {73},
   number = {1},
   pages = {25-9},
   keywords = {Adolescent
Adult
*Body Mass Index
Child
Child, Preschool
Female
Great Britain
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Male
Reference Values},
   year = {1995}
}

@book{EUROFIT1998,
   author = {EUROFIT},
   title = {European Test of Physical Fitness},
   publisher = {Committee for the Development of Sport, Council of Europe},
   address = {Rome},
   year = {1998}
}

@book{Lohman1988,
   author = {Lohman, TG. and Roche, A.F. and Martorell, R.},
   title = {Anthropometric standardization reference manual},
   publisher = {Human Kinetics},
   address = {Champaign, Illinois},
   year = {1988}
}

@article{Stratton2007,
   author = {Stratton, G. and Canoy, D. and Boddy, L. M. and Taylor, S. R. and Hackett, A. F. and Buchan, I. E.},
   title = {Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index of 9-11-year-old English children: a serial cross-sectional study from 1998 to 2004},
   journal = {Int J Obes (Lond)},
   volume = {31},
   number = {7},
   pages = {1172-8},
   note = {Stratton, G
Canoy, D
Boddy, L M
Taylor, S R
Hackett, A F
Buchan, I E
England
2005
Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Jul;31(7):1172-8. Epub 2007 Feb 20.},
   abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine the changes over time in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children. DESIGN: Serial cross-sectional, population-based study. SETTING: Primary schools in Liverpool, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 15,621 children (50% boys), representing 74% of eligible 9-11-year olds in the annual school cohorts between 1998/9 and 2003/4, who took part in a 20m multi-stage shuttle run test (20mMST). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight, height, BMI (kg/m(2)) and obesity using the International Obesity Taskforce definition. RESULTS: Median (95% confidence interval) 20mMST score (number of runs) fell in boys from 48.9 (47.9-49.9) in 1998/9 to 38.1 (36.8-39.4) in 2003/4, and in girls from 35.8 (35.0-36.6) to 28.1 (27.2-29.1) over the same period. Fitness scores fell across all strata of BMI (P<0.001). Moreover, BMI increased over the same 6-year period even among children in fittest third of 20mMST. CONCLUSION: In a series of uniform cross-sectional assessments of school-aged children, BMI increased whereas cardiorespiratory fitness levels decreased within a 6-year period. Even among lean children, fitness scores decreased. Public health measures to reduce obesity, such as increasing physical activity, may help raise fitness levels among all children - not just the overweight or obese.},
   keywords = {*Body Mass Index
Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena
Child
Cross-Sectional Studies
England/epidemiology
Female
Humans
Male
Obesity/*epidemiology/*physiopathology
Overweight/*epidemiology/*physiopathology
*Physical Fitness
Prevalence
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Risk Factors},
   year = {2007}
}

@article{vanmechelen1986,
   author = {van Mechelen, W and Hlobil, H and Kemper, H},
   title = {Validation of two running tests as estimates of maximal aerobic power in children},
   journal = {European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology},
   volume = {55},
   pages = {S03-S06},
   year = {1986}
}


