This article develops an analytical model of force-composition that combines the advantages of conscription with those of an all-volunteer force. Using Israel as a hypothesis-generating case study, it argues that mandatory military service has undergone changes centered on five key organizing principles: selective conscription, early discharges, elongated lengths of service, forms of voluntary service and differing pay-scales and other material and non-material incentives for conscripts. These principles are “grafted” onto conscription creating a hybrid, “volunteer-ized”, model. The utility of the theoretical model lies in explaining how these principles facilitate mobilizing a needed number or recruits, providing an adequate level of military expertise, as well as maintaining the legitimacy of the armed forces by meeting domestic social, economic and political expectations about its composition and the use of personnel at its disposal. The system is adaptive and flexible, as shown in throughout the comparisons throughout the paper.

Simply put, the issue that presents itself, at the heart of this Article is what weight, if any, should a non-rendering court accord the protective orders emanating from pending, settled and dismissed cases in other courts? This Article adds a special tone to the already loud voices on protective-order modification, arguing principally that absolute deference to the issuing court is a leeway for duplicative discovery that places an unfair burden on litigants, a consequence that diminishes sound judicial administration and the Rule-1 objectives. This Article will advance the policy argument that excessive deference to the issuing court is an invitation for absolute insulation of the party insisting on it to decline cooperation in subsequent litigations, which has the potential for engendering further secrecy of bad products and conducts at the expense of public safety. This article will assess the justifications and criticisms underpinning the idea of deference to the issuing court to modify and vacate its orders, emphasizing the validity of those justifications and criticisms and the prospect for meaningful balance to cater for necessary practicalities and the legitimate interests of litigants while allowing subsequent parties to benefit from civil discovery in substantial ways.

The Sudan transitional government policy and action were different from the socioeconomic and political demands of the revolutionary forces and from the Economic Salvation Plan developed by the civil government political incubator, Forces of Freedom and Change. Economic measures proposed targeted macroeconomic stabilisation through immediate lifting of subsidies and freeing the exchange rate, without viable pre-conditions being in place. The government plan to mitigate negative effects of removing the fuel and food subsidies was to raise wage of civil servants and to provide cash transfers to the poor. Both of these two measures as proposed were totally inappropriate.

This article challenges the interpretive decision made by many scholars to group 3 John with the rest of the Johannine Epistles (and sometimes John’s Gospel). This interpretative method fails to treat 3 John, as well as the rest of the Epistles, on their own terms. It also often places these texts within a hypothetical ‘Johannine Community’ and its various phases of development. However, if 3 John is read on its own, the text itself points us to interpret it within a Jewish framework. The seemingly lack of interest in Jews and Judaism, rather than being a sign of a later date when this group was no longer rooted in any Jewish community and no longer cared about such issues, is a sign that the epistle dates from a period before this community of Christ-believers began to markedly differentiate themselves from other Jews. These points, as well as the author’s use of τὸν ἐθνικός when describing the missionary work by some of those within the community, may also suggest that the conflict between the Elder and Diotrephes was related to disagreements over the nature of missionary work within the early Jesus movement.

There is qualitative focus group data and quantitative data from standardized questionnaires.

In five experiments (N=1,490), participants were asked to imagine themselves as programmers of self-driving cars who had to decide how to program the car in a potential accident: spare the driver or spare pedestrians. Alternatively, participants imagined they were a mayor, grappling with difficult moral dilemmas concerning COVID-19. Either they, themselves, had to decide how to program the car or which COVID-19 policy to implement (high agency), or they were told by their superior how to act (low agency). After learning that a tragic outcome occurred due to their action, participants reported their felt culpability. Although we expected people to feel less culpable about the outcome if they acted in accordance with their superior’s injunction than if they made the decision themselves, participants actually felt more culpable when they followed their superior’s order than when they made the decision themselves. Some possible reasons for this counterintuitive finding are discussed.

The paper presents an epistemological perspective on entrepreneurship research, particularly building on the thoughts of Peirce. Drawing from an analogy from the field of medicine we find three general roles, practitioner, scientist, and design scientist. Each role follows a distinct prevalent mode (modus operationis, modus cognitionis, modus transformationis). We characterize the activity of a design scientist, the resultative and processual aspects of the artifact, and present examples in the domain of entrepreneurship. Finally, this paper suggests guidelines that can frame the activities of design scientists in entrepreneurship.

This paper has been rigorously reviewed and finally it has been checked with internationally acceptable standard so that SAGE recognized it with moderate review which yet need to be further undergo peer review process. The theme on which the paper was built has been found to be practically and theoretically relevant. In the coming academic discussion this paper is expected to be more refined with critical comments and scholarly detection.

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and perceived impact of the COVID-19 lockdowns among early adolescents in the North West of England, as well as explore the self-care and coping strategies that helped the young people continue to thrive. Fourteen adolescents, 9 boys and 5 girls, from white (n=8) and non-white (n=6) backgrounds were recruited from four secondary schools in North West England. Remote interviews with questions about the impact of lockdown were conducted with adolescents. The protection of the participants was ensured by following protocols that had been approved by our institutional research ethics committee. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data, quotes were divided under the thematic content, and results were then interpreted by analysing links across the whole data set. Four themes were identified: (1) Change: ‘Life Feels Weird’; (2) Embracing lockdown; (3) Feelings of Loss; and (4) Stress, Worry and Challenge. Processes identified will be able to help inform policy and practice for supporting adolescents in the future, including the promotion of positive coping strategies and the provision of resources for young people, schools and families.

Communication between employees play a crucial role in increasing the productivity in the workplace. Social media is an ideal tool that can be used to enhance the communication process between the employees. This tool can be used to retrieve an insurmountable amount of information. Nevertheless, the usage of social media has two different consequences known as the “dual effects”: productive behaviors (task-oriented and relationship-building) and unproductive behaviors (deviance) at work (Carlson D., Carlson J. & Harris, 2016). It is essential for organizations to understand what drives Millennial employees and what tools they prefer to utilize in the workplace. Understanding Millennials’ characteristics will enable the management team to lead them appropriately and thus elicit more productive outcomes. Millennials have certain characteristics that distinguish them from previous generations. They are known as “digital natives” as the idea of technology has been ingrained in their mind since birth. (Myers, Sundaram & Vodanovich, 2010). This generation expects an abundance of information, aims for the speed of communication and multi-tasking, and are willing to share their experiences with the world via social networks (Krishen et al, 2016). In this study, we will see how social media can have an impact on their psychological health.

We experimented the methodology of cross self-confrontation (CSC) in a research aiming at exploring addiction-related clinical practice and related clinical difficulties. Our article presents the application of CSC in a specific clinical setting and illustrates through one example the method’s capacity to bring out tacit knowledge from daily clinical practice. Encountered challenges and comments addressing the application of CSC to research and education in clinical settings are presented.

This study aimed to explore the challenges of federalism in Somalia. The perspectives and opportunities. After two years of comparative analysis in Kenya, Somalia picked interest in federalism as a way forward for developing the country in 2004 with the aid of international community. The establishment of Somali federalism began in 2012, with President Hassan Sheikh and his Ministry of the Interior had successfully established four Regional states, namely: Galmudug, Hirshabeelle, South West and Jubba land, while Puntland and Somali land had already been established and administered their own affairs. Unlike other federal system in the world, Somalia has adopted a federal system in order to meet the needs of the clans. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the research questions, so the findings of the study revealed that the majority of respondents had a negative attitude towards the opportunities of federalism in Somalia, while they had a positive attitude towards the challenges. The study found that, challenges faced by federalism in Somalia were higher than the opportunities afforded by federalism.

Currently, there is a proliferation of studies examining group and team dynamics, as an increasing number of organizations are incorporating group and team-based structures. Extant literature has provided mixed findings regarding the influence of reward structures on various team outcomes. E.g., More rapid activity in teams has been found for competitive reward structure, with diminishing quality of work (Mailer, 1929). Which type of reward structure (competitive, cooperative or hybrid) has the best implication for team performance in organizations? This paper aims to address this question by incorporating the mechanism (i.e., epistemic and social motivation) and moderating variable (i.e., need for affiliation). Understanding the motivated information processing in groups model (MIP-G) and antecedents of team performance has important managerial implications. This moderator (i.e., need for affiliation) has not been examined in relation to all three types of reward structures in past studies. This paper hopes to extend the literature of reward structures and motivated information processing model by encompassing this new boundary condition. It is essential to incorporate novel contexts while examining relationships among variables as this approach further develops existing theories.

The focus of this paper is to examine the responses of NGOs and governmental bodies joint efforts in drought mitigation programs of southern Ethiopia, East Guji Oromo drought vulnerable areas in the 20th century. The manuscript also explores the role of thus bodies and the perceptions of local communities towards those organization intervention extents and ways of assistance to occurred hardships. Likewise, the article also tries to look, assess and well exhibit a well-known and still active NGOs in the area and their individual paramount participation, efforts and roles in the drought vulnerable areas of East Guji Zone, and types of aid, assistance, donation and empowering of the vulnerable communities; joint works with governmental organizations like RRC or DPPC and others in crisis anticipation, intervention and rehabilitation activities.

The aim of this study was to establish who makes procurement decisions, what resources are used while researching the business buying decision-making process in the procurement of capital medical laboratory equipment (CMLE) in public hospitals. Participants for the study were selected using purposive sampling with a view to providing insights into the explored issues. The target respondents were medical superintendents, medical laboratory technologists and procurement officers in six county referral hospitals in Kenya between May-June 2018. The findings show that medical salespersons, catalogues, and referrals from colleagues were consulted when researching CMLE procurement. Factors considered important in the business decision-making included quality, continuity of reagents supply, supplier capability, equipment costs, and ease of use. Public hospitals in Kenya should adopt participatory purchasing models with key stakeholders such as buyers, lower level employees in hospital departments, and physicians, are included in the buying decision-making.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an incurable, rare, inherited, chronic condition. Treatment includes regular clearing of airway mucus, aggressive treatment of infections and management of hearing loss. Caregiver burden has not been explored, hence we interviewed 18 English speaking mothers and 6 English speaking fathers of children under 6 years who were diagnosed with PCD around the world. The parents described how the child's diagnosis, treatment regimen, and health status impacted their life. They discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and they talked about the different ways they cope with challenges that arise. The need for integrated social care is discussed.

A document by Sintayehu Belay. Click on the document to view its contents.

ENGAGE is in development as a web-based observation system with core features we believe will facilitate its use as a scalable assessment-to-action coaching and instructional support system in preschool classrooms. ENGAGE assesses adult interaction practices and children’s active engagement such that classroom teams receive data to inform their intentional design and delivery of embedded instruction that can be made more effective for children’s developmental needs through differentiation and intensification. For this study, we describe important precursors to evaluating other psychometric properties within an argument-based approach to validation. We used iterative cycles to gather evidence to refine and validate the content of our measurement targets (i.e., adult interaction practices and child active engagement) as well as constructs (i.e., groupings of practices by theorized mechanisms). Following two iterative rounds using online questionnaires, responses from participants representing intended users of ENGAGE generally demonstrated consistency with our definitions and conceptualizations, with more varied responses for child engagement. We discuss our procedures and results in terms of reducing measurement error that may be attributable to measurement targets in advance of future examinations of observation conditions (e.g., observer training, session duration) and situational variance (e.g., instructional pedagogy, adult-child ratios) that are often influential within observation-based assessments.