OBJECTIVE This study aims to find out the causes of developing delinquent behaviour among male adolescents in Pakistan’s society. METHODS Self-reported modified delinquency scale used to measure the delinquent behaviour among adolescents. Data were collected through the survey research technique with the help of a structured interview schedule. The sample size was selected through quota sampling which consisted of 250 male respondents. RESULTS It founds that, in Pakistan out of 250 male adolescents 82(32.8%) are delinquents, it means out of every 8 adolescents 3 are delinquents. Lower economic status is not closely related to delinquent behaviour. CONCLUSION It is concluded said that peer group motivation, ineffective parent’s and teacher’s practices, access on the internet and mobile phones are influencing delinquent behaviour among adolescents. A model for developing delinquent behaviour lead to organized criminal behaviour is outlined. The study is limited to the size & basic characteristics of respondents. It was very difficult to confess to the respondents about sexual activities. A notable limitation is that the study only focuses on the sociological cause of delinquent behaviour. The future research work may emphasis on psychological and biological factors influencing delinquent behaviour.

Digital workplace has become an integral part of the modern world (Thomas, 2011). Employees are communicating and collaborating digitally in unprecedented ways, where people are working remote without having handshake and/or a face to face experience one another (Suri, 2019). In such work environments, purpose oriented team development is an archetypal ingredient in the formation of strong team destined to success (Gregory, 2018). This article closely examines Tuckman’s model of team formation and tries to stress the relevance of the model in building a focused kind of digital team in the digital world. To this end, the study emphases on descriptive analysis of the information gathered from secondary data sources, along with primary data obtained thru questionnaire and interviews from IT professionals engaged in digital teams. The finding exhibits that Tuckman’s model can have a significant contribution in an attempt to build a purpose oriented digital team in the IT industry, and by so doing enhance precision, innovation, and aptitude while adding upon the quality of the product.

During March of 2018, a Cambridge Analytica-employed contractor reportedly gained unauthorised access to personal data stored on Facebook servers (Lapaire, 2018). Using a ‘scraping program’, Aleksandr Kogan obtained the personal data of approximately 87-million Facebook users (Lapaire, 2018; Lotrea, 2018). This data was later lawfully sold to Cambridge Analytica and used to create detailed profiles of Facebook users’ identities. Zuboff (2015) states the instigator for legislative change rectifying deficiencies allowing such happenings is the general public’s understanding of commodifying identity as threatening to privacy. The United States of America and the European Parliament heard requisite testimonies by Mark Zuckerberg regarding these events, but Australia did not. The alternate attitudes towards personal data on Facebook within Australia gave merit to the current study’s likewise investigation. A 25-item attitudinal questionnaire was administered via a Qualtrics survey to a snowball sampling of 65 participants. Via exploratory factor analysis the remaining 19-items which comprised the tool labelled the ‘Commodi-5’ was deemed valid for use with participants and similar populations. Additionally, the tool was deemed appropriately reliable via Cronbach’s reliability coefficient. Significance testing of the recorded data demonstrated participants desired the legislative change which Zuboff (2015) describes; however, legislative change has not yet occurred in Australia. This study proposes this may be because the attitudes possessed by the Australian general public are not uniform to those possessed by appointed officials. The implications of which should be the focus of future research.

This essay aims to critically analyse the role of Confidence Building Measures in the evolution of relations between Pakistan and India. The essay begins with an overview of the relations/conflicts and a brief history of diplomatic engagements between the two countries since independence from the British rule in 1947. Then the essay attempts to explain the theoretical framework of Confidence Building Measures by analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the CBMs approach. The essay proceeds further to analyse the significant Confidence Building Initiatives between the two countries in various domains of bilateral relations. Subsequently, the essay attempts to identify the spoilers in the relations between the two countries. After identifying the spoilers, the essay suggests the way forward for resolving conflicts and ensuring peace and stability in the region. Finally, the essay concludes by highlighting the role of CBMs to create an environment of mutual trust and cooperation.

There are students who are motivated to learn while others who are not in any language classrooms. Students in this study include not only motivated and unmotivated but also a Reasonable Adjustment (RA) student who have various issues. The aim of this study is to examine if the undergraduate students who learn language at a British university were motivated by three factors which are considered as the fundamental to motivation in psychology studies. The participants were 19 students who learn Japanese language in the Institution Wide Language Program (IWLP) a university of South of England. The participants studied in the experimental classes for one semester during the spring term of 2019. Then, students were asked to fill in a questionnaire at the end of the term, which became the data for this study. The questionnaires were analysed based on the three factors using qualitative analysis. The results showed that the majority of students agreed that they experienced three factors, which indicated facilitating students’ motivation. It was concluded that it is possible to manipulate the learning environment and make the majority of students motivated and facilitate language learning, but the RA student experienced only two of the three factors and was unable to feel motivated.

This study focuses on how social reform and social changes affect the educational inequality between social groups, specifically the rural and urban Chinese. Existing sociology theories address the class difference drives educational inequality, and treat social group differences as a byproduct of class differences. By analyzing the evolution and components of the educational gap between rural and urban residents in China, this study found that the main driver of the educational gap between rural and urban residents varies in different historical periods. In the low social stratification period, if the effect of institutional discrimination is small, the educational gap is small; in the high social stratification period with more significant institutional discrimination, the inferior rural residents are double jeopardized. These results imply the educational inequality between social groups is driven by both structural changes and discriminatory policies, but if institutional discrimination is the main driver, policies aim to reduce the structural inequality will have little effect on reducing inequality.

North Korea’s nuclear programme remains a key foreign policy challenge for United States. After its first nuclear test in 2006, Pyongyang has made an impressive progress in developing a credible nuclear deterrent through series of nuclear and missile tests. The diplomatic efforts to dissuade North Korea’s nuclear ambitions have not yielded positive results so far, as Pyongyang has not only developed a credible deterrent but continues to expand and strengthen it. The failure of Hanoi Summit, latest in the series of diplomatic initiatives to end the series has depended pessimism regarding future negations. Experts are skeptical about finding a diplomatic solution to the crises and the demand to explore other alternatives _____ limited surgical strike, regime change, treating North Korea as de-facto nuclear weapon state _____ to end the crises has intensified in recent years. However, dealing with the threat though these tools is highly risky and diplomatic outreach is the most preferred course to end the crises.

This study aims to explore parents and students’ perspective towards the required learning from home amid the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on initial observation and preliminary designed online survey to in a private school in Jakarta, the research continued with in-depth interviews to parents and children to gain understanding about the insights, experiences, feelings and changes in attitudes and behavior towards the impromptu online learning programs within the last three months. Results showed that the maximal exposure to the home environment and the minimal revelation to the environment outside home had given the external factors to be more dominant during the online learning, and that regardless how sophisticated the online learning circumstances were, students tended to be fond of face-to-face environment at school. Furthermore, changes in behavior due to the online learning, motives and their challenges are also discussed, as well as the perspective towards online learning environment compared to the regular school setting. The researchers suggest that the Ministry of Education should establish a new (permanent) and inclusive curriculum related to the online learning occurrences.

Research Paradigm: The approach for this study is based on positivism theory with an intention to obtain evidence through focused observations and identify its likeliness with the actual data collected so that it can be generalized with the findings of other scholars who have worked on the topic (Remenyi et al., 1998). As elaborated by (Gill & Johnson, 2002), the crux of positivism philosophy revolves around the relationship of cause and its effect generated by different constructs, and the best possible exploration of these variables. Research Design: Primary data would be collected through a structured close-ended questionnaire which use to gather the responses from the stakeholders including teachers, coordinators, and school management and human resource personnel in the private schools. Therefore, the research questionnaire adapted from Dogan (2009) and Asiyai (2016) as a research instrument. Sample Size and Sampling technique: The target population for this research study consists of different stakeholders for instance: teachers, coordinators, and school management and HR personnel working in private schools of Karachi -Pakistan. Non-probability purposive sampling is being used for this study. The sample size of 400 different stakeholders from private schools would be adequate to figure out the results (Loehlin, 2004). Since the actual size of the population is not exactly known and neither accessible to conduct random sampling, therefore non probability purposive sampling is chosen. Since the sample consists of different stakeholders for instance: teachers, coordinators, and school management and HR personnel working in private schools of Karachi -Pakistan. Therefore, it is a purposive sampling. Data Collection Tool: In this study we used the quantitative research to measure the perceived effectiveness of in-service training in improving teacher’s performance with one independent variables: in-service training (Training need assessment and training methodology), one dependent variables teachers performance (Task performance and contextual performance), 03 mediators (professional skills, knowledge enhancement and work engagement) and one moderator (reward). Questionnaire has distributed in the several schools by hand or through email. Statistical Technique: Since the model consists of multiple variables with mediation and moderation model, therefore the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used. The interface terms integrated with the model is measured for statistical significance via bootstrapping method. The structural equation modeling has executed by the partial least square approach.

Insider threat is one of the main issues faced by organizations as information systems become inherent to the success and competitiveness of businesses in contemporary environments. However, there is insufficient understanding of the phenomenon of insider threat by information security managers responsible for ensuring the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of data and information systems. Therefore, it is crucial to address issues related to insider threat. The focus of this phenomenological qualitative research was on the lived experiences of information security managers’ perceptions, understanding, and how they employ mechanisms to reduce cyber-crimes perpetrated in U.S. East Coast organizations. The research questions examined how information technology (IT) managers experienced and understood insider threats and how their experiences and understanding shaped their behavior to curb insider threat. The social control theory was useful for the purpose of explaining the reasons why individuals with legitimate access could decide to exploit vulnerabilities in the critical assets of businesses. Twelve participants, all IT security managers, selected through purposive sampling for semi-structured one-to-one interview, took part in the study. Findings from the study indicated that malicious insider threats pose a growing risk to organizations and inadvertent insider threats were more common but less damaging than malicious insider threats. Further, insider threats were associated with disgruntled employees who committed sabotage or theft to meet financial needs and revenge. Experience and understanding of insider threats influenced IT managers to advocate for the implementation of training to raise awareness of security policies to deter insider threats. Based on the findings, IT security managers should use technical and administrative approaches to prevent, detect, and monitor systems to control insider threats.

Stress and strain are the common symptoms of the adolescence period. Naturally, their lives are full of emotion and they cannot consider all the possible alternatives to be taken as their decision making. Behavioral states and emotional attitudes always obstruct adolescent learners to take proper decision at the right time. The investigator in this study has analyzed the responses of adolescent learners from rural schools for their irresolution in decision making based on various emotional changes. The study concludes that emotion largely affects the decision-making capacity of adolescent learners’, especially female learners.

Women's agency and reproductive control have direct bearing on the outcome of their pregnancy as well as their future childbearing experiences. The present study is mainly concerned with the process of knowledge construction with regards to decision-making, in the context of childbirth planning. The study drew on cultural discourses to understand the societal and familial context which reinforces traditional home birthing. The study used anthropological approach and mainly relied on in-depth and narrative interviews that were conducted with 60 married women of childbearing age who went through the process of childbirth. Phenomenological ethnography is the methodology that used in-depth face to face interviews to collect narratives of experiential knowledge of the pregnancies and agency. Field findings indicate that significant determinants for these childbearing women included the desire for a natural childbirth experience, apprehensions regarding obstetric interventions by medical doctors, provision of emotional support, comfort and assistance provided by female relatives and traditional birth attendants and also the influence of their husbands who prefer their partners giving birth at home. In addition, another prominent finding of this study is the role of authoritative knowledge and shared experiences of older women that may deprive many young women from accessing maternal care survives at hospitals. The study concludes to enable rural women to make well informed decisions about their babies and bodies to improve the utilization of reproductive health care services in Pakistan.

The world faces an extraordinary public health emergency and consequent massive socioeconomic impact due to the outbreak of novel type of coronavirus known as COVID-19. Literature suggests the significance of media, as this pandemic has forced a lot of people in lockdown, making masses dependent on media for vital information during this global crisis (Kumar, 2020). This study investigated the editorials of leading English newspapers, ‘The Dawn’ and ‘The Nation’ regarding COVID-19. This study explored the dominant editorial agendas of Pakistani newspapers and also drew comparison between The Dawn & The Nation in the editorial coverage of different agendas regarding this pandemic. To address research questions, this study conducted thematic analysis of the editorials of two Pakistani newspapers from February 27, 2020 to April 30th, 2020. It was found that Pakistani English press discussed the agendas related to health, criticism on government, government response, international impact, political issues, religious issues and the socioeconomic impact of the pandemic. It was noted that Pakistani newspapers discussed more or less similar agendas, as both newspapers highlighted government’s response, however The Dawn emphasized on government criticism, far more than The Nation.

The purpose of this study is to find the demographic factors which are responsible for the spread of COVID-19 and to suggest a measure to identify the effectiveness of government policies in controlling COVID-19. The study hypothesises that the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients depends on the urban population, rural population, number of persons aged more than fifty, the population density and poverty rate in the state. A log-linear model is used to test the stated hypothesis, with the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients up to period as a dependent variable and demographic factors as an independent variable. The regression result shows that out of the selected variables, only the urban population significantly impacts the total number of patients tested positive for COVID-19. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies.

This is a reflective article on facts and knowledge, public health and political actions and the role of the media in the current covid-19 crisis.

This short review tends to review the cognitive decline that is experienced by the elderly. It talks about the dysfunctions commonly experienced by elderly people.

This study examines how Bangladeshi media responded in the time of coronavirus crisis focusing on the issue death with COVID-19 symptoms. This study analyses the content of 169 Bengali news article from 5 different newspaper published within the timeline of 20th March to 30th May 2020 using framing theory as the theoretical framework. With the quantitative content analysis of news reporting this study also discover how media frame this Corona virus (COVID-19) situation with the words COVID-19 symptoms and some specific symptoms (fever, cough, breathing problem, isolation etc.). The result suggested that there was not enough information to link a person death with coronavirus rather it was the public agenda which media tried to portray with a particular frame. This study questioned the objectivity and accountability of journalist and newspaper on the issue of covering news on death with COVID-19 symptoms. This study also questioned all the statistical record of death with COVID-19 symptoms in Bangladesh where primary source of data was newspaper reports published between 20th March to 30th May 2020.

COVID-19 has caused a wave of research findings to be published in academic and pre-print outlets which have resulted in several high-profile retractions. Given the need to publish policy- and practice-relevant research swiftly, the peer review process may issue fewer checks and balances compared to those present in non-COVID related scholarly works. This urgency to publish has led to publication of manuscripts with major methodological challenges falling through the cracks. In this perspective, we discuss this issue in light of a recent manuscript by Piquero et al. (2020). In the study, the association between stay-at-home orders and family violence was not statistically significant; however, a 12.5% increase in family violence offenses was widely disseminated by media outlets. The inaccurate dissemination of research findings can have important implications for policy and the virus mitigation efforts, which might urge policymakers to terminate stay-at-home orders in an effort to reduce family violence and other social risk factors. Changes may ultimately result in more COVID-related deaths as stay-at-home orders are prematurely and inappropriately lifted to prevent purported injuries in the home. Therefore, the widespread propagation of these claims in the absence of scientific evidence of an increase has great potential to cause harm.