Both the use of logic and probability theory are heavily applied in many, if not all, areas and industries due to what they can offer. Logic is well known for enabling one to comprehend many things which include intentions, behavior, beliefs, intelligence, knowledge and languages, and to create algorithms designed to solve simple and complex problems. Probability theory is specifically designed to address uncertainty, which uncertainty exists everywhere. Through pairing probability theory with other disciplines is one able to address uncertainty in other fields. Combined, logic and probability theory enable one to address complex problems in law. This paper will first describe logic and probability theory, then address their application to legal reasoning. Accordingly, I argue that logic and probability theory can be used to validate thoughts and arguments made by lawyers and judges, allowing for better understanding of the validity, coherency, truthfulness of their arguments, and the correctness of the statements and decisions made by them.

This paper investigates an assessment method for Corten steel (CS) ancillary structures on the Charleston interstate highway system (I-64, I-77, and I-79). Nineteen CS bridge-mounted ancillary support (CS-BMAS) structures (i.e., ancillary structures are attached to bridge superstructure) were examined by non-destructive testing techniques. Ultrasonic testing (UT) was used to inspect key components of the ancillary sign structures (e.g., anchor bolts, connection brackets, etc.) while the other components were assessed by a conventional visual inspection method. The CS-BMAS structures were rated at both the overall and element levels (each ancillary structure includes more than ten elements/components such as foundations/concrete in the vicinity of connections, mounting plates, anchor bolts, vertical tubular members and their connections, truss members and connections). The element level ratings were based on the proposed rating criteria and score. The overall condition of each ancillary structure was then obtained by the normalized S/Smax ratio (where S is the total score of each structure and Smax is maximum possible total score). The results revealed that most of the CS-BMAS structures performed satisfactorily after more than four decades of service and exposure to harsh environmental conditions. Specifically, two ancillary sign structures (11%) were rated as good condition, 16 structures (84%) were rated as fair condition, and one structure (5%) was found to be in poor condition.

The present concept paper aimed at promoting alternative tourism during the post-COVID19 revival phase. Formal and informal discussions, journal articles, industry reports have been used to formulate our arguments.

During the spread of SARS-Cov-2, Germany imposed various restrictions, including an extensive lockdown on 23 March 2020. In this paper, we point out that the evaluation of the success of such policies depends critically on data quality. Using reported confirmed cases is apt to produce misleading results because these data come with unknown variable lags. Using data on incident cases, i.e., dates of the onset of symptoms, produces results that are much more reliable.

A systematic review of interventions targeting the wellbeing of young people of migrant and refugee backgrounds.

The rebozo is a traditional clothe similar to shawls; it implies knotting, tinctured, waving of threads and ending subprocess. Its use is quite popular within all the women in Mexico. Traditional techniques, materials and knowledge of rebozo differ throughout the country, as well as its costs. The artisans from Santa Maria del Rio have one of the most renown rebozo techniques at Mexico, where there are not only rebozo workers, but an amplitude of arts and crafts. This research aims to show how social and economic conditions have affected profoundly the knowledge of rebozo process. Through historical documentation, observation and interviews a community of artisans shows a strong technical knowledge of the preparation of the threads, dyed, knotting, weaving and ending of the rebozo. Artisans were asked about their knowledge by vernacular naming of tools and subparts of the processes of ancestral techniques. Two parts of the process: the tinctured and the ending (empuntado), were especially rich in content; however, it was revealed lacks at the long term knowledge of the handcraft of silk rebozo, paradoxically and for far, the most famous product of rebozos.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-COV-2). This virus probably originated from the seafood market in Wuhan City, China, in early December 2019. As of 10 May 2020, it has dispersed rapidly to roughly 200 countries, killing over 280, 000 out of over 4 million infected people worldwide. This article examines an early disease intervention from the onsetof COVID-19 on 8 December 2019 to 23 January 2020 in China. Out of other reasons, this study argues that China apparently delayed intervention to COVID-19, and this might have enhanced its diffusion out of Wuhan city. By deploying data from WHO – China COVID-19 report and relevant articles, the study discovered that the inability of Wuhan authority to stop nearly half of its population emigrating for New Year Celebration apparently played a role in the dispersal of the new virus outside Wuhan City. Other studies had focused on the origin, clinical presentation and probable treatment of the new coronavirus. However, this study illuminates the significance of an early response and intervention in the control of epidemics. A focus on Wuhan, China affords us a rare privilege of gauging how first epidemic control could mitigate a full-blown pandemic.

Mental health concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic and societal changes are an important matter of public health. We examined the state-level association between new cases of COVID-19 reported and mental health, as measured through Google search trends, on a daily basis. Our analyses indicate a significant positive association, such that increases in mental health Google searches should be expected on days when relatively more new cases of COVID-19 are announced. The overall effect and state-level variation were analyzed via a multi-level model and full results are included here. Implications and public policy suggestions are discussed.

The study was conducted among young children from the villages near the migratory corridor of the elephants, by employing draw and write method which is a subjective yet effective method in understanding the perception of the young stakeholders on complex issues like HEC, coexistence and conservation. The young respondents expressed negative interaction between humans and elephants, and also the vulnerability indicators. The discontent among young children was evident and it could further erode the future stakeholders' traditional and cultural connect that contributes to safeguard future of wildlife. Content analysis of the drawn sketches complemented by subsequent discussion in the context of their production provided profound and in-depth insights into the complex situation.

This essay considers the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on social work education and practice in Africa.

Different moral economies and different points of view of charity activists and charity recipients produce a lack of trust between the activist and the recipients. The sustainability of moral economies can be realized with encouraging business and corporations to develop even more trust to their donors or customers

The COVID-19 pandemic has plagued the world for months. The U.S. has taken measures to counter it. On a daily basis, newly confirmed cases have been reported. In the early days, these numbers showed an increasing trend. Recently, the numbers have been generally flattened out. This report tries to estimate the hidden number of currently alive infections in the population by using the confirmed cases. A major result indicates an existing infections estimate at about 10-50 times the daily confirmed new cases, with the stringent social distancing policy tipping to the upper end of this range. It clarifies the relationship between the infection rate and the test rate to put the epidemic under control, which says that the test rate shall keep up at the same pace as infection rate to prevent an outbreak. This relationship is meaningful in the wake of business re-opening in the U.S. and the world. The report also reveals the connections of all the measures taken to the epidemic spread. A stratified sampling method is proposed to add to the current tool kits of epidemic control. Again, this report is a summary of some straight observations and thoughts, not through a thorough study backed with field data. The results appear obvious and suitable for general education to interested policymakers and the public.

The interim briefing presents initial findings from a project exploring the support available to migrants with no recourse to public funds during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research included a survey of local authorities in England, and a call for evidence from migrant support organisations in England, Scotland and Wales. More than 90 percent of local authorities had not shared information about support for people with NRPF during the pandemic, and support organisations reported that service users had struggled to access food, shelter and subsistence support during the pandemic.

This article compares Plurality Voting (PV) and two forms of Runoff Elections (RE) in a setting in which (i) there are two majority-preferred alternatives, (ii) a strong minority backs a third alternative which would make the majority strictly worse off, and (iii) some of the majority voters are uninformed about the “correct” majority alternative. I show that in the informative equilibrium in Majority Runoff Elections (MRE), uninformed majority voters vote randomly with strictly positive probability, achieving partial information aggregation, while they always abstain in Automatic Runoff Elections (ARE), achieving full information aggregation and strictly improving the majority’s welfare. However, uninformed majority voters do not abstain in PV, resulting in less information aggregation than in both MRE and ARE.

The COVID-19 virus is highly contagious as it does not respect borders, societies or communities. Even with most of the world in lockdown and clinicians battling with support measures for those infected, the governments are borrowing combat measures from each other despite scores of uncertainties. However early or late stage a country is in as regards to the virus spread, the governments are desperately trying to arrest the crisis that is dynamic and ever evolving. As such there is very little to claim about the success or lack of it, of any measure as a preventive or curative one. With this at the backdrop, this paper intends to provide a rapid assessment of reorientation of Government policies and strategies to address the emergent health and non-health issues associated therewith. With lots of limitations and within the ever-changing scenario of COVID-19 calling for continuous changes in the adopted measures, the paper documents key themes and policy changes that the Government of an Indian State-Odisha, known widely for its track record of disaster preparedness and management, has adopted in a challenging and dynamic situation. It utilises known and select Governmental and institutional sources to offer insights into some core social, economic and political issues that social scientists and policy researchers will be interested in investigating further in the days to come.

Globally, there has been an increase in the number of people with anxiety disorders and depression which is confirmed by particular Russian data. Despite overall improvements in the global economic situation in recent decades, general stress levels have not decreased. University freshmen are particularly vulnerable to stress. Therefore, this pilot study assesses the effectiveness of mindfulness training aimed at maintaining Russian students’ mental and physical health. The participants were 83 freshmen from the Psychology Department of Ural Federal University named after B.N. Yeltsin. Data collection was completed in November 2019. A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted using a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) program. Results show that MBCT reduced depression and increased subjective happiness among first-year psychology students. Frequent mindfulness meditation practice and studying theoretical materials is associated with higher rates of positive results. The findings suggest that MBCT can be effective in working with first-year students in the Psychology Department of Ural Federal University. Nevertheless, further research is required before implementing the program on a broad scale in Russian universities.

This paper discusses how social workers can utilize the mass media to address the challenges of older adults amid theCOVID-19 pandemic in Africa.

In this study, homogenization levels of the universities in Turkey were determined, and the effects of globalization were discussed in the light of the findings. The universe of the study consists of 177 universities, 112 of which are state universities and 65 are foundation universities. A large amount of data was visualized on a two-dimensional plane and the findings were obtained on the homogenization level of Turkish Universities. The results obtained from the analyzes can be summarized as follows: (1) There is a significant homogenization between Turkey’s universities. (2) The level of homogenization is increasing over the years. (3) The homogenization level of universities established before 2000 increased the distance between the universities established in 2000 and later, at a statistically significant level. When the findings were discussed within the framework of literature, it might be said that globalization affects the universities using discourse, contracts, ranking reports and so on.