India is celebrating its 75th year of independence under “Azadi ke Amrit Mahotsav”, a Pan-Indian initiative. Literature and research pertaining to the Indian freedom movement are copious. But the silent and unnoticed fact here is that the influential players are only mentioned while others are relegated to the background. Indians could achieve their freedom only through a mass movement, but no effort was put into excavating the efforts of ordinary players, particularly women. With the growth in history and historiography, new paradigms are paving the way for fresh research. Here, an attempt has been made in that direction.

This study explores whether happiness can affect rural farmers’ pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs), measured by the number of pro-environmental actions taken. We employ a two-stage residue inclusion approach to analyze the data of 11,424 samples collected through the 2013 Chinese General Social Survey project. The empirical results show that happiness exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on farmers’ PEBs. Further, our mediation results show that the positive linkage between happiness and PEBs is partially mediated by environmental awareness. The disaggregated analyses indicate that the PEB effects of happiness are heterogeneous among farmers of different ages, between male and female households, and among those living in different regions. Nonetheless, the additional analysis demonstrates that happiness plays a larger role in promoting PEBs of rural farmers compared with their urban counterparts.

Lessons on transport accessibility based on 40 years experience, illustrated by photographs of accessible and inaccessible situations with explanations of the reasons for the inaccessibility.

In this meta-analysis, reading comprehension and mathematics are considered for elementary students between grade three and five, the age group where most reading comprehension strategies are introduced and practiced (Ness, 2011). Results indicate that (1) reading comprehension is linked to cognitive processing ability, the more students’ struggle with comprehending text, the less cognitive processing they have available to solve the mathematical problem; (2) mathematical language is precise and often above the grade level of the student who is solving the word problem. Asynchronous learning management systems or other online platform, such as Google Classroom, may help educators to meet federal obligations for supporting English Language Learners conceptual development in mathematics, developing language proficiency and providing equitable access for content area learning.

Based on a sample of 36 European countries and the period 2011-2020, we found that the gender pay gap has decreased over the last decade. The overall pay gap in industry, construction and services decreased from 15.60% in 2011 to 11.24% in 2020. The largest pay gap in 2011 and 2020 was observed in financial and insurance activities (30.6% and 27.7%, respectively), wholesale and retail trade (21.5% and 19%), and manufacturing and information and communication (20% and 17%, and 19% and 18.9%, respectively), and the lowest in construction and transportation and storage (-1.43% and 3.57% in 2020). An analysis of employment by aggregate economic sectors (27 European/OECD countries and the period 2011-2019) shows that 83.17% of women (panel mean) were employed in the services sector (the same for men is 59.9%). As the overall service sector has lower TFP growth and labour productivity (compared to industry), assuming that productivity growth and wages are linked, this may partially explain the wage gap. Data for 2018 shows that the average wages in services were lower than total’s average. 33% of men were employed in the industry while only 12% of women, which under the assumption of higher productivity in industry sector and higher average wages, may explain the gender pay gap. The analysis of the educational outcomes shows that number of females with tertiary and master degrees surpasses the same for males, but employed females with tertiary education earn on average less than males by 22.45%, which is higher that wage gap of female employees with lower level of education. Statistics shows that 14% of women with tertiary education graduated from STEM programs, while 34.2% of all STEM program graduates were female. As STEM graduates are among the highest earning categories, this may partially explain the pay gap. The female share in senior and middle management is 32.6% which additionally contributes to pay differences. We found that gender pay gap in Europe may partially be explained by the economic activity in which women are employed, but also by the program in which they obtained their tertiary degree.

Abstract: There are eighteen instances in the Hebrew Bible in which the word יום, or “day,” is associated with the word עצם, which in its simple singular form means “bone.” This paper examines the text of the Septuagint (LXX) translation of those eighteen instances to determine whether the Greek translation reflects the presence in the Hebrew text of the word עצם. Direct analysis of the parallel Greek suggests that the Hebrew עצם was not in the text from which the LXX was translated. Analysis of the LXX translations of other Hebrew phrases that reference the word יום supports that conclusion as does analysis of the translations of other instances of the Hebrew עצם. Evidence from a computer assisted translation analysis, from Aramaic Targum translations, and from analysis of dictionary entries is also examined. I conclude that the word עצם did not appear in the Hebrew text from which the LXX translations of those eighteen instances were made.

Fragmented governance of international value chains, operating in multiple jurisdictions, is insufficient to prevent social and environmental mismanagement. Smart Mixes, which are combinations of compulsory and voluntary measures, have been proposed as a possible means of securing environmental and social standards, but the concept has not been operationalised in the academic literature. We aim to identify the factors that have contributed to, or hindered, the success of existing Smart Mixes in three international value chains (conflict minerals, palm oil, and bonds) using data from interviews with thirty two experts, supplemented by a literature review. The results suggest that Smart Mixes are effective when they cover a specific issue under conditions in which enforcement mechanisms create a level playing field: thereby aligning public and private sector interests. The keys to success in a Smart Mix include positive interactions, harmonisation, and complementary and supportive measures, which combine to motivate engagement by the private sector. We conclude that Smart Mixes can contribute to sustainability in value chains but their effectiveness is dependent on the strength of the relationships between the measures that compose them.

Conventional naval histories seldom consider the individual experiences of common sailors. Subaltern and other approaches to history from below use new sources to take a different viewpoint. In May 1913, recruit Georges Brucelle arrived in Toulon to start voluntary service in France’s Marine nationale. After completing common training, he specialized in torpedoes and undertook instruction to gain qualification. Assigned to a destroyer minelayer, Brucelle died along with many other of the ship’s crew during operations in 1915. Personal letters sent to his family reveal insights into the working and social lives of a French sailor just before the Great War. Les histoires navales conventionnelles tiennent rarement compte des expériences individuelles des marins ordinaires. Les approches subalternes et autres de l’histoire par le bas utilisent de nouvelles sources pour adopter un point de vue différent. En mai 1913, la recrue Georges Brucelle arrive à Toulon pour commencer le service volontaire dans la Marine nationale. Après avoir terminé une formation commune, il se spécialise dans les torpilles et entreprend une instruction pour obtenir une qualification. Affecté à un contre-torpilleur mouilleur de mines, Brucelle mourut avec de nombreux autres membres de l’équipage du navire lors d’opérations en 1915. Des lettres personnelles envoyées à sa famille donnent un aperçu de la vie professionnelle et sociale d’un marin français juste avant la Grande Guerre.

Animal Farm by George Orwell is an English literary classic. The novel is taught and read in most English departments worldwide to introduce beginners to English literature. It has been widely read and researched as an allegorical satire, focusing chiefly on communist Russia. Specifically, this 1945 novel is an excellent referent for any state-level abuse of power. Researchers also read the novel’ representations of the dominants’ corruption and the marginal’s misery from a post-colonial perspective. The present paper builds on the post-colonial research tradition. However, it turns the interpretative screw a little, employing a cultural lens. The paper reads the novel as an allegory of a post-colonial nation that dismantles the imperial powers but becomes destabilised under the sway of cultural hegemony. It divides animal time through the colonial/post-colonial binary. It explores how the colonial time enforces cultural authenticity and why post-colonial times dislocate it. The paper situates the study within colonialism, nation and cultural hegemony framework. In this way, the article uncovers various power axes in society and contends that the post-national period becomes unstable when various forms of cultural hegemony render people from transcultural to ambivalent.

In this paper, the author theoretically elaborated on the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis (Kanazawa, 2021 in Sage Open) via three fundamental questions. Utilizing the undereappreciated phaneroscopic categories of Charles Sanders Peirce and via a plethora of previous findings in psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience, the author proposed a novel and promising conceptual framework of Monadic, Dyadic, and Triadic Emotions that has multiple advantages and significant potentiality for applying in different disciplinary investigations on emotion. The trans-disciplinary potentiality of the conceptual framework proposed in this manuscript will not only intrigue readers from diverse academic domains but also provide alternative analysis perspectives to help researchers delve deeper into conceptualizing emotions and giving rationales to research findings.

The longitudinal individual response profiles could exhibit a mixture of two or more phases of increase or decrease in trend throughout the follow up period, with one or more unknown transition points usually referred to as breakpoints or change points. The existence of such unknown point disturbs the sample characteristics, so the detection and estimation of these points is crucial. Most of the proposed statistical methods in literature, for detecting and estimating change points, assume distributional assumption that may not hold. A good alternative in this case is to use a robust approach which is the quantile regression model. There are trials in the literature to deal with quantile regression models with a change point. These trials ignore the within subject dependence of longitudinal data. In this paper we propose a mixed effect quantile regression model with a change point to account for dependence structure in the longitudinal data. Fixed effect parameters, in addition to the location of the change point, are estimated using profile estimation method. The stochastic approximation EM algorithm is proposed to estimate the fixed effect parameters exploiting the link between asymptotic Laplace distribution and the quantile regression. In addition, the location of the change point is estimated using the usual optimization methods. A simulation study shows that the proposed estimation and inferential procedures perform reasonably well in finite samples. The practical use of the proposed model is illustrated using a COVID-19 data. The data focus on the effect of global economic and health factors on the monthly death rate due to COVID-19 during from the 1st of April 2020 till the 31st of April 2021.

In this article, the Hoover index and asymmetry coefficient of the Pareto curve were tested to measure the state of the systems. When applying the new concept to the analysis of party systems in 18 European countries (158 election cases), we found that most of them showed a left-hand asymmetry of the Pareto curve and a concentration of inequality close to the Pareto principle

Emotional intelligence (EI) is considered to be one of the factors predicting academic success in Doctor of Medicine (MD) programs. However, previous literature on the topic has shown contradictory findings. While some research suggests that there is a positive association between EI and academic success in MD programs, other research reports no such association, or even a negative correlation, between these two variables. The main objective of the current study was to resolve these contradictory findings by synthesizing the research between 2005 and 2022. Data were analyzed using the multilevel modeling approach to (a) estimate the overall relationship between EI and academic success in MD programs, and (b) determine whether the mean effect size varies by country (US vs. non-US counties), age, EI test, EI task nature (ability-based vs. trait-based), EIsubscales, and academic performance criteria (GPA vs. unit exams). Results from 20 studies (k = 105; N = 4,227) indicated that, overall, there is a positive correlation between EI and academic success, r = 0.13, 95% CI [0.08–0.27], p < .01. Moderator analyses indicated that the mean effect size significantly varied by EI tests and EI subscales. Moreover, three-level multiple regression analyses showed that Level 3 (between-studies) variance explained 29.5% of variability in the mean effect size, while Level 2 (within -studies) variance explained 33.5% of variability in the mean effect. Overall, the current findings show that EI is significantly, butweakly, related to academic success in MD programs.

Bike-sharing systems allow occasional and regular users to move by replacing other transport modes for the same trip or generating a new journey. Our research assesses the demand for Lisbon’s public dock-based bike-sharing system (BSS) users named after GIRA. This paper aims to identify the determinant factors that influence the potential of the BSS to generate new trips or replace previous modes using a binary logit model based on a survey of 3112 BSS users. The survey results indicate that GIRA generated approximately 20% of the BSS trips, i.e., they would not have been realized if GIRA did not exist. The remaining BSS trips replaced other motorized (55%) and non-motorized (25%) trips. The main determinants explaining a higher likelihood of replacing other modes are having a yearly GIRA pass and a bike-sharing station within a 5-min walking distance. In contrast, regular car users are more likely to generate new trips, suggesting they use bike-sharing for recreational purposes. The findings provide policymakers with an assessment of the determinants that can influence bike-sharing users to generate or substitute trips from other modes for bike-sharing and, consequently, give policies to potentially increase bike-sharing mobility share.

Living in the 21st century, we may admit that we are progressing day by day or drowning in the darkness of the world. Several things have good and bad impacts on our life so do social media. It affected people in such a way that they do not even know if they are living their life or just want their life to be driven by social media. Excess use of social media has made them lost in the virtual world. The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of social media on the behaviors of human beings. To achieve the aim of the impact of social media, we have reviewed and synthesized available related literature regarding social media. This research will include questions related to the good and bad impacts of media.

This study attempts to explore the perception of secularism among the present generation in Bangladesh when this country celebrates its golden jubilee of independence. This paper follows mixed methods, namely convenience surveys and content analysis of credible secondary sources. This study attempts to explore the meaning of secularism that the educated young population comprehends and to understand their perception. It is interesting to see that many of them opine about having ‘state religion’ besides ‘secularism’ as a basic constitutional principle (61.9%/38.1%). They believe in equal treatment for all minority religions, while at the same time they share their perception of giving priority to ‘Islam’ as the dominant religion (57.1%), which could be labelled ‘paradoxical’. This article argues that the ideological perception is going into transition among young people in Bangladesh, which is different from the previous linear understanding of pro-secular and anti-secular dynamics. This paper also provides some pragmatic way outs from young people on how to secure the rights of minority religions in Bangladesh.

We evaluate the role of selection bias in causal generalization. We compare levels of bias in estimates of average causal impacts from experiments and from non-experiments. To demonstrate we use data from 79 sites in the multisite trial of Tennessee’s Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR), and we use results obtained during a randomized experiment of the Alabama Math Science and Technology Initiaitve (AMSTI).

Children of mothers pf the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth