We evaluate the role of selection bias in causal generalization. We compare levels of bias in estimates of average causal impacts from experiments and from non-experiments. To demonstrate we use data from 79 sites in the multisite trial of Tennessee’s Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR), and we use results obtained during a randomized experiment of the Alabama Math Science and Technology Initiaitve (AMSTI).

Researchers must present a philosophical rationale to conceptualize and operationalize the mixed research method. This study aims to examine to what extent 27 studies published in the last five years reflect the characteristics of pragmatism. We identified these studies using the PRISMA model and analyzed the abstracts, keywords, and introductions of the studies with content analysis. We concluded that researchers need to make more efforts to reflect the philosophical perspective in the abstract and introduction. We propose a framework for researchers using the mixed research method to use the features of pragmatism. We believe that the relevant framework will contribute to mixed methods research.

It appears that the gap in growth between coastal and landlocked nations is widening quickly. When examining how geography affects foreign policy and development, there have been two distinct yet related lines of thought but all agreed that costly transit is a result of the lack of sea access, isolation from important international markets, and remoteness. Majority of landlocked literature only emphasizes how dependent the former is on the latter even in the not-too-distant future if current trends continue. As a result, in a comparative framework, the perspectives of Switzerland and Lesotho are more clearly portrayed. Through descriptive and qualitative design, this paper revealed that the charges of locational determinism places more emphasis on connections with neighbors, making foreign policy approach a genuine alternative to address it challenge. If a landlocked state is situated in an impoverished and unstable area, it foreign policy and security may be affected by the poverty and poor infrastructure of the area and vice versa.

Children of mothers pf the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

How does information interpretation influence entrepreneurial action when the market is uncertain? This article reveals the role of frame structure through a topic modeling analysis of over 2900 financial news items about 444 newly public firms in 2021, when COVID-19 brought the greatest market uncertainty and, meanwhile, record breaking IPOs. It is the structure of the alignment of primary frames, the foundations of interpretative frames upon which information about financial market and individual firms rest; secondary frames, the positioning of other frames toward primary frames through congruence or incongruence; and socio-cognitive content clusters, the grouping of frequent terms that supply information. The analysis showed that information about successful IPOs has a flatter structure with a higher ratio of alignment than that of unsuccessful ones, regardless of firm age. It suggests a negative association between frame structure and entrepreneurial action outcome when the market is uncertain.

This study analyzes the causes of excess capacity through the response of capital, labor, and capital intensity. Consequently, we use the three-input CES estimation model. We randomly selected a centralized and a decentralized industry group for our comparative analysis. By estimating the elasticity of substitution between (capital, labor) as a nest, and capital intensity for an industry, we found that the centralized industry groups are facing the problem of excess capacity. Through this study, we discuss the current government policies and the present scenario of a manufacturing plant. And then we suggested to policymakers, i.e. how to resolve the problem of excess capacity through the expansion of manufacturing plants with advanced machinery.

Interviews were conducted on 10 migrant women living in Seoul and surrounding areas to observe the working lives of migrant women in Korea.  Their average age was 31 years (SD = 3.18 years) and their stay in Korea was 5.8 years (SD = 1.23 years), of which two of them acquired Korean citizenship. Their average monthly salary was 2.33 million won (SD=55.40). Participants were recruited through a snowball sampling method that introduced participants through acquaintances. Data collection was conducted through one-on-one in-depth interviews consisting of semi-structured questions. The main question was (1) “What cultural differences do you experience between immigrants and Koreans in your daily life?” (2) “How do you deal with those problems and what are your plans for the future?” Before the interview began, you explained the purpose of the study, confidentiality, and agreed to participate. Interviews for data collection were conducted for eight months from April 2021 to December 2021, and interviews consisting of three types of questions were conducted for each participant. The interview time was not limited, allowing participants to fully discuss their personal experiences at work, and each interview took about 30 minutes to 2 hours depending on the participant. All interviews were recorded after being recorded, with each participant’s volume reaching approximately 5 to 8 sheets of A4 paper.

In this paper, the main motivation of this research study is to measure inter-regional intra-industry disparity within the selected Indian manufacturing industry groups and industrial states. Using three measures Output-Capital Ratio, Capital-Labour Ratio, and Output-Labour Ratio, we critically measured the disparity level of average labour productivity, the marginal efficiency of capital, and capital intensity. The paper also measured and compared the rate of disparity of per-capita income between six major industrial states. We determined the reasons for lack of industrialization: unequal distribution of skillful labours and upgraded technologies. We suggested in this chapter to the policymakers to campaign more for the labour training schemes and new technologies promotion schemes equally in every corner of the country.

This observational study of caregiver engagement with personal devices and their child in family-friendly restaurants compared Canadian families with past studies to determine parent-child communication and parental levels of engagement with their personal device in the presence of their child; and the accuracy of the hypothesized result of a negative relationship between the number of people seated together and the duration of time each individual spends on a personal device. More specifically, to note if larger gatherings of people seated together in family-friendly restaurants is associated with decreased time spent on personal electronic devices for caregivers. The study compared Canadian data with data collected in similar studies conducted in Europe and the United States to help inform psychologists, social workers and other caregivers who work with parents of children aged 12 and under.

In recent years, the question of what form a revolutionary uprising will take — armed or unarmed — has been raised more and more often. This is because, as shown by numerous studies, revolutionary nonviolence can explain why the uprising failed or succeed to lead to democracy. In the recent decades the likelihood of revolution being nonviolent appears to have significantly increased, but it is still not clear why this tendency is observed. Moreover, there are only a few quantitative cross-national studies on this topic, in which the authors tried to explain the apparent pattern. However, none of them considered political factors separately. This paper tests the hypothesis that a country’s level of democracy can inhibit the spread of revolutionary violence. By applying logistic regression to the NAVCO database, we analyze 400 episodes and conclude that, in general, the more democratic the political system, the more likely the revolution take a nonviolent form. Nevertheless, the various revolutionary events could be of a rather different nature, and it is further shown that the level of democracy matters only for sociopolitical revolutions, while for separatist revolutions it does not play a significant role. In other words, democracy can stop effectively violence only in revolutionary episodes caused by sociopolitical (but not ethno-nationalist) grievances.

Leaders have become a key factor in determining the future of an organization. For this reason, support from leaders is very influential on work engagement and employee performance in the organization. Leaders can form a conducive work atmosphere so that employees can be motivated to work. This study aims to link person supervisor fit to employee performance and work engagement mediated by a leader-member exchange. Respondents in this study were employees of 6 Islamic banks in the province of DIY. Collecting data through questionnaires were distributed online and offline to 158 employees of Islamic Banks. Data were analyzed through SEM-PLS using SMART-PLS software. The results of this study prove that PS-Fit can have a positive effect on employee performance and work engagement. In addition, this study can also examine the role of LMX as a mediating variable that connects PS-Fit to employee performance and employee work engagement. For this reason, managers at Islamic Banks need to optimize the role of leaders in the company, such as improving interpersonal relationships with employees in order to improve employee performance and employee work engagement.

This paper discusses the role of technology under the framework of Critical Technical Practice specifically in the form of constructing artefacts and deconstructing tools in order to produce what Philip Agre would describe as “reflexive work of critique” (Agre, 1997). By presenting the activities and methods used in the teaching and shaping of undergraduate courses, this paper aims to show how technical objects, such as data, datasets, application programming interfaces and machine learning models, can be considered as discursive subjects, demonstrating pedagogical understanding across fields. The courses operate in the humanities tradition and take critical technical practice as a didactic approach, insofar as software and data are understood and manipulated on an instrumental level, while encouraging critical engagement and embodied reflection that bridge the technical and social/cultural domains. Within this pedagogical approach, critical is not only understood as a paradigm of rationality or quantitative, data-driven argumentation, but as adopting a critical position –i.e. to research and reflect on the social structures and cultural phenomena entangled with digital objects, bodies, tools, methods and software production. By embracing work-in-progress and reflexive exploration, we aim to extend the notion of critical technical practice by unfolding how (de)constructing machines can be achieved beyond thinking of technology as neutral instrumentalisation. The challenge is how to find a balance, not only as researchers but as educators, unfolding aspects of both formality and functionality as well as questioning and understanding technology at a discursive and critical level. We argue that learning technical practice in an educational setting is not an end, but rather a means to question existing technological structures and create further changes in socio-technical systems.

Having quality instruments is essential in ensuring data integrity. Indiscriminately application and over-dependency on Cronbach alpha index for multiple measured items (ordinal scale) and usage of SPSS software, which produce spurious estimation, have been a subject of technical debates in the literature. This debate toes the path of fulfilling stringent underlying assumptions of Cronbach alpha, such as uni-dimensionality, tau-equivalent, etc. However, modern approaches like ordinal alpha, Omega coefficient, GLB, Guttman Lambda, and Revelle Beta have been suggested with precise estimates and confidence intervals via R programming language. Thus, this paper examined the performance of alternative approaches to Cronbach alpha and documented practical step by step of establishing it. Non-experimental design of scale development research was adopted, and a multi-stage sampling procedure was used to sample N = 883 subjects that participated in the study. Findings showed that the instrument is multidimensional, in which Cronbach alpha is not apt for its estimation. Also, other forms of reliability methods produced better and more precise estimates, though their performance differs among themselves. The authors concluded that estimation of Cronbach Alpha using SPSS when the instrument is ordinal is absolutely not sufficient. Therefore, it is recommended that researchers explore and shift their paradigm from traditional reliability estimates through SPSS to modern approaches using an R programming language.

The structure of workplace in hospitality sector has become apparently diverse. As a vital step in defining how diversity affects organizational performance, we suggested training as a mediator over which diversity in income level and race indirectly affects organizational performance. We also emphasized two human resource practices, namely, rewards and performance appraisal, as important possibilities that moderate the impact of employee diversity on training and organizational performance.  A sequential regression analysis was applied on performance appraisal data including information from directors, unit managers, supervisors, low level workers, and customers, as well as financial outcomes from 167 organizations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (683 full time employees) in the hospitality sector including hotels, restaurants, theme parks, travel agents, recreational centers, and museums, which assisted in supporting the hypotheses. The findings provide unique practical and theoretical understandings into the effective management of employee diversity.

The study discusses how the Khawaja Siras and Hijra community in South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan, have struggled in terms of reputation, rights, and social standing. It highlights that despite possible border barriers, representation is moving and working forward in the same direction by all societies.

This study is a case study about owmen in pUne belonging to teh underpriviliged section of the society.It indicates that women form underpriviliged section do not have any susutainable livelihood opportunities. therefore a need to frame poicies and start ventures for creation of sustainable livelihoods.

This case study outlines the sequence of events that resulted in NYC supporting an existing syringe service program (SSP) to open the first two publicly recognized overdose prevention centers in the nation, including lessons learned to inform other jurisdictions considering offering such services.

The predictability of a student’s academic routine was affected badly due to the outbreak of covid-19. The prime time of their life which had been full of energy was now under lock, inside the four walls of their home. Confining them naturally had its own consequences and serious implications in their psychological wellbeing and on their overall health conditions. Many of them faced psychological problems like frustration, stress and depression. In order to study the psychological wellbeing of students in this period and to know about their mental, physical, social and emotional problems that they faced, a survey was conducted in Trivandrum district of Kerala State. A questionnaire comprising of five point Likert scale was used to collect the opinion of the students regarding the psychological wellbeing, general and academic stress level of students along with the problems and effect of online learning on their emotional, social, physical and mental health. Students t-test, Independent t- test, ANOVA, correlation etc. were the tests used in the study to analyze the data.