<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id>authorea</journal-id>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Authorea</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22541/essoar.168167202.29986035/v2</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rapid Versus Delayed Linkage and Coalescence of Propagating Rift Tips</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5695-2778</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kolawole</surname>
            <given-names>Folarin</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7071-1057</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xue</surname>
            <given-names>Liang</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name>
            <surname>Dulanya</surname>
            <given-names>Zuze</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>4</day>
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168167202.29986035/v2">This preprint is available at https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168167202.29986035/v2</self-uri>
      <abstract abstract-type="abstract">
        <p>The tectonic interaction, linkage, and coalescence of propagating
continental rift segments eventually create a through-going axial rift
floor without which a break-up axis cannot develop. However, prior to
linkage, interacting rifts are separated by a topographic basement-high
(rift interaction zone, RIZ) which is progressively dismembered and
down-thrown by the lateral propagation of rift-tip faulting and their
hanging wall subsidence. Here, we explore the evolution of the Middle
Shire and Nsanje RIZs located along three contiguous non-volcanic
propagating rift segments: the southern Malawi Rift (SMR), Lower Shire
Graben (LSG), and the Nsanje Graben (NG), East Africa. The Middle Shire
RIZ is an overlapping-oblique divergent RIZ in which the NNE/N-trending
SMR is propagating southwards into the shoulder of the NW-trending LSG,
whereas the Nsanje RIZ is a tip-to-tip oblique RIZ in which the LSG has
propagated southeast into the northern tip of the N-trending NG. We
utilize field observations and a landscape evolution model with
implemented fault displacement fields of two contiguous RIZs with
contrasting geometries, to simulate their geomorphic evolution, and
apply a static stress model to evaluate the stress transfer patterns
during RIZ evolution. The model results provide insights into the
natural observations in the study area, in which, with progressive
extension and tip growth, the Middle Shire RIZ maintains minor basement
down-throw and an unequilibrated axial stream profile, which contrasts
the widespread basement burial and equilibrated axial stream profile
across the Nsanje RIZ. Modeled static stress distribution predicts
compounding stress concentrations at tip-to-tip RIZs (synthetic border
fault interactions), favoring brittle strain localization and rift
coalescence, and stress relaxation at overlapping divergent RIZs
(antithetic border fault interactions), favoring stalled rift
coalescence. We argue that RIZ and rift border fault geometries, and
their kinematics strongly influence the pace of rift coalescence by
modulating the spatial distribution of tectonic stresses necessary to
promote rift-linking deformation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-created">
        <kwd>geology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
